Alcoholism in Native Americans Essays - Psychoactive Drugs

Ashley Altidort ProfessorCerrato Counseling and Treatment of Addictions December 13, 2018 Alcoholism in Native Americans Native Americans as a whole have been typecast as drunks ever since the coming of the white man's "fire water." TSNaimi, MD et al. reports that alcohol is responsible for 11.7% of all American Indian and Alaska Native deaths, compared to 3.3% for the U.S. general population (939). This disturbing discrepancy reinforces theage oldnotion of the "drunk Indian." Generalizations aside, is there some truth to this stereotype? Are Indians more likely than other races to be drunks? Of all the races, "Native Americans have the highest prevalencewith a percentage of12.1% of heavy drinkingA larger percentage of Native Americanswith29.6% also are binge drinkers" (Chartierand Caetano 153). Although some research has been done on genetic causes, little is actually known about why American Indians have the most difficulty in limiting their alcohol consumption. However, the consequences of drinking encompass almost every aspect of their lives: health, social, and legal. Once that first drink is t aken, alcohol becomes a best friend for many American Indians. A preventive plan needs to be incorporated to bring awareness to Native American children about the effects of alcohol so that they will never take that first drink. With a cultural and spiritual approach, leaning toward traditional tribal beliefs, education will empower Native Americans to break the chain of generational drinking patterns. There are many problems caused by alcoholism, but what causes alcoholism? Sandra Alters of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Illicit Drugs believes, "The development of alcoholism is the result of a complex mix of biological, psychological, and social factors" (18). The list of health related issues are extensive and include: liver disease, liver cirrhosis, kidney disease, stroke, heart disease, hypertension, mouth and throat cancer, and fetal alcohol syndrome. In "Problematic drinking risk and the American Indian," Dr.NicheaSpillane argues that "Alcohol use among American Indians is perhaps the largest health concern in many American Indian communities" (8). Even with free medical clinics, known as Indian Health Services, many Native Americans who live in cities or have left their tribal lands find it difficult to receive the medical care that is needed. This could explain why, "Uninsured American Indians or Alaska Native Adults were more likely than uninsured adults in the general populatio n to have binged on alcohol in the past month" (SAMHSA 6). Various studies have shown the disturbing effects of alcohol on the American Indians' health. It is documented that "excessive alcohol consumption is a leading cause of preventable death and years of lost life in this population. During 2001-2005,AmericanIndian/AlaskaNativeswere more than twice as likely to die from alcohol-related causes,in comparison tothe U.S. general population (Naimiet al. 940). One of the many contributing factors, that may either be a result or a cause, of excessive drinking amongst Native Americans is lack of employment. Dr. Spillane confirms, "For many reservation-dwelling American Indians, access to standard life reinforces isnot available in any practical sense (work opportunities and economic security tend not to be attainable)" (8). When jobs are hard to come by, alcohol can fill the void left by unemployment and the feeling of discouragement that comes from not bringing in a paycheckto support their family. Some Native Americans may also have trouble maintaining jobs due to binge drinking or thehangovers experienced after a night of heavy drinking. For this reason, "compared with the national average, American Indian or Alaska Native adults were more likely to be living in poverty (27.6%vs. 11.5%) (SAMHSA 2). In addition to unemployment and poverty, legal issues are a major concern for many alcoholic American Indians. Alcoholism Sourcebook report s, "According to data from a nationwide survey, the prevalence of drinking and driving in the past year were 19% among American Indians/Alaskan NativesAlcohol-related fatal crashes are three times more prevalent among American Indians/Alaskan Natives than among the general population (Sutton 86). Violence victimization is also an element of alcohol as "Several studies indicate that Native Americans are at greater risk for alcohol-related trauma (e.g.,IntimatePartnerViolence, rape, and assault) compared with other U.S. ethnic groups" (ChartierandCaeteno155). Since alcohol liberates inhibitions, sexually transmitted diseases and unplanned pregnancies, social and legal implications are common amongst Native Americans. The statistics on youth drinking for Native Americans are

Myths Involving the Greek God Hades

Myths Involving the Greek God Hades Hades, called Pluto by the Romans, was the god of the Greek underworld, the land of the dead in Greek and Roman mythology. While some modern-day religions deem the underworld as Hell and its ruler as the incarnation of evil, the Greeks and Romans saw the underworld as a place of darkness. Although hidden from the light of day and the living, Hades himself was not evil. He was, instead, the keeper of the laws of death. Key Takeaways: Hades Alternate Names: Zeus Katachthonions (Zeus of the Underworld), Epithets: Aà ¯des or Aà ¯doneus (The Unseen One, The Invisible), Plouton (the Wealth-Giver), Polydegmon (The Hospitable), Euboueus (Wise in Counsel) and Klymenos (the Renowned)  Culture/Country: Classical Greece and Roman EmpirePrimary Sources: Homer  Ã‚  Realms and Powers: The Underworld, ruler of the deadFamily: Son of Kronus and Rhea, brother of Zeus and Poseidon, husband of Persephone Origin Myth According to Greek mythology, Hades was one of the sons of the Titans Cronus and Rhea. Their other children included Zeus, Poseidon, Hestia, Demeter, and Hera. Upon hearing a prophecy that his children would depose him, Cronus swallowed all but Zeus. Zeus managed to force his father to disgorge his siblings, and the gods embarked on a war against the Titans. After winning the war, the three sons drew lots to determine which would rule over the Sky, Sea, and Underworld. Zeus became the ruler of the Sky, Poseidon of the Sea, and Hades of the Underworld. Zeus also maintained his role as King of the Gods. After receiving control of his realm, Hades withdrew, and living an isolated existence, had little to do with the world of the living humans or gods.   Appearance and Reputation Although rarely appearing in Greek art, when he does, Hades carries a scepter or key as a sign of his authority- the Romans illustrate him carrying a cornucopia. He often looks like an angry version of Zeus, and the Roman writer Seneca described him as having the look of Jove when he thunders. Sometimes he is illustrated wearing a crown with rays like the sun or wearing a bears head for a hat. He has a cap of darkness that he wears to become dark.   Hades has a number of epithets, because Greeks, in general, preferred not to speak directly of death, particularly concerning their family and friends. Among them are Polydegmon (also Polydektes or Polyxeinos), all meaning something like the receiver, the host of many or the hospitable one. The Romans adopted Hades for their mythology, calling him Pluto or Dis and his wife Proserpina. Role in Greek and Roman Mythology In Greek and Roman mythology, Hades is the ruler of dead, grim and mournful in his character, and severely just and unyielding in the performance of his duties. He is the jailer of the souls of the dead, keeping the gates of the netherworld closed and ensuring that dead mortals who entered his dark kingdom never escape. He only left the kingdom himself to abduct Persephone as his bride; and none of his fellow gods visited him except for Hermes, who ventured in when his duties demanded it.   He is a frightening but not a malevolent god, with few worshipers. A handful of temples and sacred sites are reported for him: there was a precinct and temple at Elis, which was open one day during the year and even then only open to the priest. One place associated with Hades is Pylos, the gate-place of the setting sun.   Realm While the underworld was the land of the dead, there are several stories including The Odyssey in which living men go to Hades and return safely. When souls were delivered to the underworld by the god Hermes, they were ferried across the River Styx by the boatman, Charon. Arriving at the gates of Hades, souls were greeted by Cerberus, the terrible three-headed dog, who would let souls enter the place of mists and darkness, but would keep them from returning to the land of the living. In some myths, the dead were judged to determine the quality of their lives. Those judged to be good people drank of the River Lethe so that they would forget all bad things, and spend eternity in the wonderful Elysian Fields. Those judged to be bad people were sentenced to eternity in Tartarus, a version of Hell. Hades, Persephone, and Demeter The major myth associated with Hades is how he obtained his wife, Persephone. The most detailed is recounted in the Homeric Hymn to Demeter. Persephone (or Kore) was the only daughter of Hades sister Demeter, the goddess of corn (wheat) and agriculture. One day, the maiden was gathering flowers with her friends, and a wonderful flower sprang from the ground on her path. When she reached down to pluck it, the earth opened up and Hades emerged and took her away in his golden chariot driven by swift deathless horses. Persephones cries were only heard by Hekate (goddess of ghosts and pathways) and Helios (god of the sun), but her mother grew anxious and went looking for her. Using two torches from the flames of Etna and fasting all the way, she searched fruitlessly for nine days, until she met Hekate. Hekate took her to see Helios, who told Demeter what had occurred. In grief, Demeter abandoned the company of gods and hid among mortals as an old woman.   Demeter remained absent from Olympus for a year, and during that time the world was infertile and famine-stricken. Zeus sent first the divine messenger Iris to instruct her to return, then each of the gods to offer her handsome gifts but she adamantly refused, saying she would never return to Olympus until she had seen her daughter with her own eyes. Zeus sent Hermes to talk to Hades, who agreed to let Persephone go, but he secretly fed her pomegranate seeds before she left, ensuring that she would remain bound to his realm forever. Demeter received her daughter and, forced to compromise with Hades, agreed that Persephone would remain one-third of the year as the consort of Hades and two thirds with her mother and the Olympian gods (latter accounts say the year was split evenly- the references are to the seasons of the year). As a result, Persephone is a dual-nature goddess, queen of the dead during the part of the year she resides with Hades and a goddess of fertility the rest of the time.   Other Myths There are a few other myths associated with Hades. As one of his labors for King Eurystheus, Heracles had to bring Hades watchdog Cerberus back from the Underworld. Heracles had divine help- probably from Athena. Since the dog was only being borrowed, Hades was sometimes portrayed as willing to lend Cerberus- so long as Heracles used no weapon to capture the fearsome beast. Elsewhere Hades was portrayed as injured or threatened by a club and bow-wielding Heracles. After seducing a young Helen of Troy, the hero Theseus decided to go with Perithous to take the wife of Hades- Persephone. Hades tricked the two mortals into taking seats of forgetfulness from which they could not get up until Heracles came to rescue them. Another from a late source reports that Hades abducted an ocean-nymph called Leuke to make her his mistress, but she died and he was so distressed that he caused the white poplar (Leuke) to grow in her memory in the Elysian Fields.   Sources Hard, Robin. The Routledge Handbook of Greek Mythology. London: Routledge, 2003. Print.Harrison, Jane E. Helios-Hades. The Classical Review 22.1 (1908): 12-16. Print.Miller, David L. Hades and Dionysos: The Poetry of Soul. Journal of the American Academy of Religion 46.3 (1978): 331-35. Print.Smith, William, and G.E. Marindon, eds. Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. London: John Murray, 1904. Print.

Child Labor and the Global Village Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Child Labor and the Global Village - Essay Example CLGV also recognize the argument of some social scientists that not all work is harmful for children. Some works, according to these thinkers are unobjectionable like when a child delivers newspapers before going to school. According to CLGV, child labor is "work for children that harms them or exploits them in some way." The harm can be bestowed physically, mentally, morally, as well as block access to the basic right to education. The organization also concede the fact the there is no universally accepted definition of child labor and that various definitions are utilized by international organizations, non-governmental organizations, trade unions and interest groups. CLGV also elaborates child labor by delineating a child as someone who is under 18 years of age (Images of Child Labor). CLGV also recognize the argument of some social scientists that not all work is harmful for children. Some works, according to these thinkers are unobjectionable like when a child delivers newspaper s before going to school.

Pathogoras' Fragments and Hermeneutics Coursework

Pathogoras' Fragments and Hermeneutics - Coursework Example      The two specific interpretations that Protogoras provides in his work titled â€Å"Fragments† center around two major concepts. First, is the issue of relativism, wherein man is viewed as the measure of all things. The question of ethics and what is good and what is not is determined according to man’s standards. One of the central issues in Protogoras is the question of whether virtue can be taught at all and whether citizens can be educated to a point where they become good citizens. Another central theme of the book is that possessing a virtue is equivalent to the possession of knowledge; whereas doing evil is merely an expression of ignorance in a person.   The idea that men who choose to do what is pleasurable to them may be venturing into evil deeds and not have the self-control to remain virtuous, is contested by Protogoras, who states that the very act of doing something pleasurable equates to being virtuous. In other words, he equates doing good to d oing what one finds pleasurable. Protogoras states that the process of learning is centered around the acquisition of knowledge, i.e, learning to be virtuous means in effect, learning a specific science or kind of knowledge.  Ã‚     The two specific interpretations that Protogoras provides in his work titled â€Å"Fragments† center around two major concepts. First, is the issue of relativism, wherein man is viewed as the measure of all things. The question of ethics and what is good and what is not is determined according to man’s standards. One of the central issues in Protogoras is the question of whether virtue can be taught at all and whether citizens can be educated to a point where they become good citizens. Another central theme of the book is that possessing a virtue is equivalent to the possession of knowledge; whereas doing evil is merely an expression of ignorance in a person.   The idea that men who choose to do what is pleasurable to them may be vent uring into evil deeds and not have the self-control to remain virtuous, is contested by Protogoras, who states that the very act of doing something pleasurable equates to being virtuous. In other words, he equates doing good to doing what one finds pleasurable. Protogoras states that the process of learning is centered around the acquisition of knowledge, i.e, learning to be virtuous means in effect, learning a specific science or kind of knowledge.   Plato was the one who formulated the term â€Å"rhetoric†, because before his views were propagated, verbal art was not well understood and the general understanding was that verbal art and dialogue was more holistic. But Pluto has highlighted how it is actually differentiated. the major issue that Plato has expounded is to clarify and establish a clear difference between rhetoric and philosophy. There are differences in the teaching about logos; one is the goal of seeking success and the other is the goal of seeking the truth – the former is rhetoric and the latter is philosophy.3.     A linguistic element may be both vocal and psychological in nature. There is an internal concept associated with each linguistic unit, which may exist in the mind and its understanding of the linguistic element. The other is the external sound-image, which is the spoken word. Linguistic elements are the foundation of language and because the process of formulation of language is such a complex one, it is not one that easily lends itself to changes. Moreover, it forms a common link between various generations; it forms the means by which linguistic signs can be used to depict reality.  

Reintrodution Of Wolves Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Reintrodution Of Wolves - Essay Example Deforestation in the eastern United States was considered one among the several reasons that resulted in wolves' extinction. The other reasons include the over-hunting of ungulate populations like deer and elk, which were the main prey of wolves and lastly the settlers raised livestock for living and due to the fear of depredation they planned to eradicate wolves by poisoning, by trapping and shooting them that resulted in sharp decline in wolves population. In 1914, Congress issued a notice to eradicate all predators from the villages including the wolves. In 1926, Yellowstone National Park has witnessed the elimination of the last wolf from its premises. The last wolf of Yellowstone National Park was shot in the year 1926 and by 1940s slowly due to over-hunting, habitat loss and system eradication programs that are aimed at top predators like wolves resulted in the elimination of their population from most of the contiguous United States. In 1967 timber wolves subspecies were listed as an endangered species under the Endangered Specie Preservation Act of 1966. This bolstered in the passage of Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA) by which the Secretary of the Interior was forced to list all other species of wolves including the gray wolves and the red wolves as an endangered species. ... In 1978, central Idaho, Northwestern Montana and the Yellowstone National Park were identified as the three regions that were suitable for wolves' recovery plan as these areas have habitat characteristics that were suitable to sustain their population. In 1987, the efforts of Northern Rocky Mountain Recovery team resulted in the approval of their plan, stipulated that for the next three consecutive years each of the three should be able to maintain a minimum of 10 breeding pairs so that FWS be able to delist the wolves as an endangered species. The expected population was approximately 300 wolves. According to the plan recovery should be natural that wolves should be emigrated from the neighboring country Canada. The natural recovery plan was for Idaho and Montana, Yellowstone National Park was chosen for reintroduction by applying the experimental-population authority of 10(j) of the ESA. In the outcome of a failure of planned establishment of two wolf packs in central Idaho within five years, reintroduction should be considered for these areas. In January 1995, 29 wolves were transported from Canada to the reintroduction areas in the Northern Rocky Mountains. Of the 29 wolves 15 were released into central Idaho and the remaining 14 were released into Yellowstone National Park. Again in January 1996 37 wolves were transported from Canada to the same reintroduction areas in the Northern Rocky Mountains. Of these 20 were released into central Idaho and the remaining 17 were released into Yellowstone National Park. Ten wolf pups were moved to Yellowstone National Park from Northwestern Montana. The reason for this movement was due to the repeated depredation of livestock by wolves that force the authorities to kill the adults. FWS has successfully reintroduced a

History of Communism Containment

History of Communism Containment After the Second World War, the United States began seeing an expansion of communism into Eastern Europe and sought to stop the spread of communism by adopting a policy of containment. The U.S and President Truman saw the Soviet Union to be a serious threat to the free world and as a result, they were about to enter a new kind of war: the Cold War. After defeating Germany during World War II, most of Europe and Asia lay in ruins, and on the horizon a new threat appeared, communism. Even though the U.S. and the Soviet Union were allies during World War II, they both emerged from the war as global powers, with differences on their perspectives of the world. Both nations were competing with each other economically and militarily and where in at an impasse. The U.S. was the richest country in the world and it promoted democracy and capitalism, while the Soviets thought communism was a better (political system because it transformed their economy and status in the world from nothing but a declining empire to a super power once again) (StudyWorld). By 1947, relations between the two countries had broken down completely. President Truman took decisive steps to contain Soviet expansion in regions in which the U.S. had vital interests. With the takeover of Greece and Turkey by a Soviet backed guerilla movement, this was the first sign of communist aggression that forced the U.S. to react. In March 1947, Truman decided to (draw a line in the sand)(US History)by asking Congress to appropriate $400 million for these two nations to help them in the form of military and economic assistance. The Truman Doctrine came about as direct result of the Soviet aggression and was basically an (open pact to any group willing to stand against communism, guaranteeing them military and financial aid)(US Dept of State). This is also the beginning of an embarrassing an unprecedented series of foreign policy blunders on the part of the U.S. The Truman Doctrine would later be used to justify shady actions in Korea, Vietnam, and Cuba. The second step in containment was the Marshall Plan, which provided economic relief to the rebuilding of Western European nations such as Great Britain, France, Belgium and even Germany. By boosting these economies, the U.S. ensured that (communism would not rise in any of these countries from a weak economy)(Studynotes). Four years later, not only were the Western European industries producing twice the amount that they had before war broke out, but the U.S. saw a postwar economic boom with record levels of trade. At first the U.S. Congress wasnt in favor of the proposed plan, but following a coup by communist in Czechoslovakia, they approved it. An official alliance with other nations that opposed communism came to be after the coup in Czechoslovakia. In April 1949, NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) was founded. The countries agreed that they would (stand by each other as one, and any attack on a member of the alliance is an attack on all)(US Dept of State). At the time, this was a great idea; trying to prevent communism from taking over the world. But as time went by, we have come to realize that as a part of NATO, the U.S. is the majority partner, and is becoming the worlds police and major contributor of the funds for these efforts. I think that the U.S. needs to withdraw from NATO and try and get the U.S. back to status of the worlds super power. We dont have the funds to bail out the rest of the world, when our own economy is in such dire straits. Being a member of NATO, provides a presidential loophole for military intervention by America in any foreign struggle without Congress declaring war, which is a bad idea. All this did was force the Soviet Union to flex its muscles and in 1955, it formed an alliance, known as the Warsaw Pact, with other Eastern European nations, such as Poland, Bulgaria, E. Germany, and Romania. Now, these countries are (no more than puppet nations held by the Grand Puppeteer, Russia)(Pieper). In one fell swoop the Soviet Union (gained almost as much land as Napoleon or Hitler; but without a war)(US History). Americas idea of a united effort at the containment of Communism had exponential grown into a united expansion of communism, just the opposite effect the U.S. was trying to accomplish. After World War II, redrawing of boundaries all over the world came about. Korea, who was conquered by Japan during the war, was divided at the 38th parallel, and the northern part of the country was given to the Soviet Union and the southern half to the U.S. In 1950, the Soviets left N. Korea leaving a communist regime behind. That regime, funded and equipped by China, invaded S. Korea. The United Nations, led, of course, by the United States, (raised an army to restore peace and expel the aggressors)(Pieper). The U.S. established a cease-fire zone, but not before the victory changed hands twice and lasted three years. Some might say that (communism in this case was successfully contained but with the loss of 53,000 American lives in a fruitless attempt to topple a regime is hardly a victory)(US Dept of State). Another failure of containment by the United States would be in Vietnam. After the fighting with France ended in 1954, Vietnam was split in two like Korea, North Vietnam being Communist and South Vietnam led by the Vietnamese who supported the French. In 1963, the South Vietnamese leader was assassinated, and the U.S. sent over American troops to support the non-Communist regime, while in accordance with the Truman Doctrine. The resulting struggle would prove to be (the most agonizing and long defeat of the American military in history)(StudyWorld). Two elements of the U.Ss failure of Vietnam were trying to win a traditional war in a guerrilla setting and not having full support of the U.S. people. This resulted in a loss of 68,000 U.S. soldiers and over 400,000 South Vietnamese. The U.S. started withdrawing troops in 1973, but by 1976, all of Vietnam came under communist rule, proving once again that containment didnt work. Even after the Korean War and the creation of the Warsaw Pact, the expansion of communism was not over. In 1959, a rag-tag band of guerillas overtook the government of Cuba and it fell under Fidel Castros regime. The U.S. was unwilling or unprepared to stop this, either for fear of judgment from the international community or of the (shortsightedness caused by a general distaste for Cubas previous government)(Nuclearfiles). This would later come back to haunt them, in both the Bay of Pigs fiasco and the Cuban Missile Crisis. Realizing the problem that Castro could cause, the U.S. planned a literal exertion of the Truman Doctrine. President Kennedy ordered the execution of The Bay of Pigs operation and in April 1961, 1500 Cuban exiles landed in the Bay of Pigs. American air support never arrived and the plan backfired and all of the exiles were gunned down mercilessly. Again containment was once again dashed. A year later was probably the scariest moment of the Cold War. The Soviet Union made a deal with Castro to place nuclear missiles on Cuba and those missiles gave the Soviets a chance to hit U.S. soil without an air offensive. The range of those missiles was 3000 miles, which could demolish the whole eastern seaboard. After a U2 flight over Cuba, President Kennedy ordered a blockade of Cuba and stated that any further attempts to arm Cuba would result in an act of war. The Soviets backed down and removed the silos from Cuba. It was found later, that Russias president made a secret deal with the U.S. agreeing to remove the missiles from Cuba if the U.S. would remove missiles from Turkey. The Cuban Missile Crisis was a (propaganda victory for the U.S. and an undisclosed blow to containment)(Nuclearfiles). Even though 1989 marked the end of the Cold War, some say that since the Soviet Union ultimately fell, the policy of containment was successful. I think this is wrong. The Soviet Union fell under its own weight; the countries expenditures were huge. They had a very large army to support and the cost of such a large country could not be sustained, leaving them no choose but to declare bankruptcy. Another symbol of the U.S. failures to contain communism, is that the nations under the Soviet bloc remain to this day; Vietnam, North Korea, Cuba, and China are still completely Communist nations. Not only was American (containment in the height of the Cold War a failure)(US History), those failures can still be seen to this day. And if the U.S. isnt careful, we too could come under communist rule due to our astronomical debt in which China holds the note. Works Citied Containment of Communism Nuclearfiles.org. Nuclear Age Peace Foundation. 1998-2012. Web. 5 Nov 12 Pieper, Moritz. Containment and the Cold War: Reexaming the Doctrine of Containment as a Grand Strategy Driving US Cold War Interventions. Student Pulse. 2012. Web. 5 Nov 12. Studynotes.org. 2008. Web. 5 Nov 12. Studyworld.com. Oakwood Mgt. 1996-2012. Web. 5 Nov 12. U.S. Department of State. Office of the Historian. US Department of State. Web. 6 Nov 12. USHistory.org. Containment and the Marshall Plan. Hall Assoc. 2008-2012. Web. 5 Nov 12

Literacy Case Study

Literature serves as a repository of human experience. The possibility of such is evident in the personal and political character evident in the creation of a literary work. Such a character is present in the process of creating a literary work. The literary work may be depicted as an artist’s compilation of thoughts and ideas formulated into a coherent whole. The process of formulating such is spearheaded by the artist’s acquisition of language through the socialization process. Socialization occurs at the formal and informal level. The formal level is generally characterized by the acquisition of the syntactical and semantical rules of a language. Such a process occurs during a child’s education. The acquisition of language, as well as the development of the interest for a particular language may occur during the early part of a child’s socialization process with the family. The family serves as the main element for a child’s acquisition of interest for particular styles or one may even state for particular literary genres. Hence, a child who has been introduced at an early age to fairly tales may have a taste for the fantastic and the supernatural. At the same time, a child introduced to personal narratives may develop an interest for personal narrations. In lieu of this, what follows is the result of literacy case study conducted with a peer/classmate. The study opts to present an analysis of a peer’s literacy level though the analysis of his/her reading and writing skills. Such an analysis involves the assessment of the individual’s personal views to the reading and writing process and the relation of these views to the individual’s assessment of his literacy level. Method The methodology employed for this case study involves a one on one interview with a particular peer/classmate. The methodology used enables the interviewer to assess the literacy level of the interviewee in terms of conversational language. Such an assessment enables the interviewer to consider the interviewee’s communication skills, which mirrors the interviewee’s self-perceived competency of his literacy level. Evaluation This case study was conducted with a classmate [Ali]. Several questions were posed which considered Ali’s socialization experience in terms of language acquisition. The study shows that an individual’s literacy level increasingly develops throughout the life span because of the continuous stimulation of various stimuli that necessitates the individual’s continuous use of his reading and writing skills. In Ali’s case, this is evident, as he perceives literature as the focal point, which enabled him to develop an interest for the other subjects during his junior year. In relation to this, his later years of development [specifically that which is situated within the University] mirrors his literacy development. Ali’s development has shifted towards a highly personal consideration of the role of these aforementioned skills in the development of his own voice and hence his own identity. Summary and Recommendations Based upon the interview, I perceive Ali’s utilization of the personal value that literature serves for the individual. Personal here ought to be understood as private. Literature for Ali thereby serves as an ensemble of various accounts that serve to reject the discursive unity that constructs subjectivity as simultaneously individualized and totalized since literature as Ali perceives it or utilizes it in his life takes the form or style of several generic discourses. The acts correlated with literature [reading and writing] thereby stand for Ali as acts that enable the discovery of the self through the daily recording of events that allows the creation of his singular account of the transactions and movements of his life. As I reckon, Ali’s interest lies in the creation of self-narratives in the form of daily records of his daily transactions. Such an act may be seen as an exercise of selfhood wherein Ali portrays his perception of his intimate self while recognizing that it is his mere perception of his self. Ali thereby allows the subversion of the act of turning â€Å"real lives into writing† as he allows the existence of conflicts and confusions in the formation of his identity [as depicted in his writings]. Ali himself notes that literature enables him to perceive the mistakes the he continuously commits in the act of delving within and understanding a literary work. Literature, in this sense, presents Ali with the form in which he may be able to continuously exercise the act of self-formation and hence self-creation. The possibility of such is evident if one considers that Ali takes the act of understanding a literary work as an internal act, which necessitates the reader’s complete understanding of the content of literary work. Such an understanding, although enabled and nurtured within a group through the introduction of various diverse views is only possible when one isolates one’s self in order to reassess one’s thoughts in connection to the simultaneous views presented within a group. To understand a literary work thereby serves as a process of reconsidering the self in order to attain a form of consensus within one’s self that enables the self’s creation and hence specification of its view. Literature, for Ali, thereby serves as a medium for self discovery and self creation wherein the acts of both reading and writing serve as the facilitators for the initial creation and finally in the end Ali’s own medium for the specification and exposition of his self as represented through his own creative work.      

Prime Candidates of Vigilantism

All law stems from one source of order. In a time of anarchy and chaos a man brought for from a mountain top two stone tablets from which all law branches. Those two tablets, the Ten Commandments, were to be the seeds of lawful civilization. Those seeds have since become the roots of modern humanity. A prime example of this is the United States government. The phrase â€Å"In God we trust† is imprinted on every piece of legal tender and on most documentation. The purpose of law and government is to â€Å"protect† the people, but the fact that punishment need be imposed only illustrates the fact that it does not protect. Punishment is imposed only after harmful actions against society have been carried out. In order for punishment and legal intervention to be applied there first must be a crime or an action that is the government†s responsibility to prevent from taking place. When law is applied the government has already failed to protect the individual; punishment will do nothing to help the victim after they have been victimized. Law does not, in truth, prevent such behavior; it only deals with it once it has occurred. Law does nothing to prevent socially harmful behavior, it therefore does not protect in accordance with the tenets set forth in the theory of the Social Contract. Why then, in such a modern civilization, do we have vigilantes? The answer is simple. The fact is that although humanity has advanced, law has failed to keep up. The prime candidates for vigilantism are those who abide by the law. They acknowledge the existence of the law and respect it. They expect that if one day they are the victim of a crime the offender will quickly go through trial and be punished. The truth is that that is rarely the case. It can take months for an offender to even go to trial. The U. S. criminal justice system, however the best in the world, is not nearly efficient enough to properly handle the workload placed upon it. Still the situation comes up that even in a clear-cut case with hard evidence and witnesses, law enforcement will fail to properly pass down punishment to those who commit a crime. This is the time when people take the law into their own hands. Impatience and frustration drives and individual to do what he or she believes what the government has failed to do. It can happen to anyone. But can crime be prevented in the first place? The law often frustrates teenagers and adults alike. The major difference between these two groups is experience. Teenagers are usually more likely to go out and â€Å"punish† those who violate them or their friends. An example of a teen vigilante is when a teen goes out to defend his/her name in order to prevent slander. This is seen very often. Unfortunately, these teens have either not been educated or have exhausted all legal means in order to halt the crime (slander). Adults are often confronted with the same situation but by having experienced this before, they are more prepared to take action against this. But in adults we often see something not usually seen in teens, the involvement of alcohol. Alcohol clouds judgment and increases violent tendencies. Although teens do consume alcohol, they cannot obtain it legally. Because of the age difference, punishment should not be the same for both adults and teens. Although there are some difference, for some reasons adults seem to have more choices in terms of education and correction. In adult prisons, inmates can attend GED classes and earn degrees. Teens however do not have that same option. Instead, they have clean-up punishments such as Saturday detention at the high school. What should be done is Saturday corrective classes. Instead of cleaning the school, clean their minds. This is where education comes in. In order to eliminate criminal behavior, we first must rehabilitate and educate those who are at high risk to or have already committed a crime. In most forms of punishment, such as seen at the Douglas Juvenile Corrections office, there is actually no correction. Lawn maintenance does in no way educate the offenders. Punishment does not promote understanding not does it allow analysis. Education, unlike punishment, is not a restriction, but a guide. Education is a positive behavioral influence that promotes freedom and instills morality. With education comes understanding. Without those two key elements there cannot be the wisdom necessary for correction. Regarding the disciplinary action taken on juvenile offenders, some of which I have seen working outside during school hours, should not be out there. Instead, they should be forced to attend school. Whether it is high school or a form of military school, they need education. Becoming a vigilante is almost never a result of free choice of an individual. Rather, it is forced upon one by poor or slow action on part of law enforcement. If we as society ever hope to live in peace and prosperity as guaranteed to us by the constitution, we need to not only enforce the laws, but preach the law.

Press Releases A Blast from the Past

Press Releases A Blast from the Past Marketing and promotion – the bane of every writer. What works? What doesnt work? Over the past eight years, I have published several childrens and middle grade books. In 2010, blog tours and guest posts were the way to go. It was so much fun visiting and talking with new people through the blogs; especially when it was one of the characters from my book doing the talking. My imagination could go wild! That does not work anymore, nor does offering free copies, or hosting a book release event on Facebook. Only one thing has remained consistently effective through the ever-changing times – press releases. The Test of Time Press releases are a relic from the past, a dinosaur in the new digital age. They were a great means of free advertising in days gone For example, my husband and I submitted press releases to the local newspapers prior to a book signing event. More visitors attended that event than any of our previous signings. We were amazed at the number of people who commented, I saw it in the paper and thought Id drop Another bonus: Our community newspaper asked for an interview. When you live in a small town, being a published writer is big news! It may take a little extra finesse to get a write-up in a larger paper, but it can be done. Consider the topic being more than about the books release, and instead more about the impact of the book, a strange intriguing fact about how the book came about, how the book meets an urgent need, how a famous/semi-famous person reviewed your book and what they thought. In other words, the book isnt the newssomething else amazing related to the book is. Hope Clark, for instance, used the fact she met her federal agent husband over a bribery investigation, which led to the first book in her Carolina Slade Mystery Series. She landed a feature in a local magazine and a podcast interview. Target Your Audience The secret to making a press release work is to target your audience. Do you have a new release? Have you won any awards? Does your book highlight any specific region or profession? My husband writes historical fiction about the golden age of aviation. The setting for the story centers around the Hudson River Valley in NY. We emailed press releases to the newspapers in that region, as well as to aviation publications. During the following month, he had quite a few sales. Was it coincidence or did he gain some new readers through our use of good old-fashioned free publicity? Writing a Press Release Editors want the meat with a few potatoes on the side. In other words, your press release should be short, sweet, and to the point. First and foremost, the headline is the eye-catcher and needs to grab the readers attention. Youre a writer and understand the need for a hook. The meat (two to three short paragraphs) needs to briefly describe what the book is about, how it relates to the reader or geographical area, along with interesting facts about the book and author. A quote or two goes a long way. Go quirky, unique, and outside the box. The closing paragraph is the call to action and should have the authors contact information, website, and where to purchase the book. You can also include a small jpg of the cover. Mention any discounts or limited time offers. It goes without saying; the press release is a reflection of you as an author and should be grammatically correct with no misspelled words. Getting the News Out There Sending out the press release used to be a time-consuming process. First you had to determine who to send it to and write to each of your targets. Thanks to press release distribution sites, the work load is now dramatically reduced. https://www.1888pressrelease.com/ https://pressexposure.com/ https://www.newswire.com/ free-press-release.com/ These sites will send your news out far and wide, but you may still want to hand pick a few newspapers and periodicals on your own as specific targets since emails are so easily deleted. No matter how you do it, you will find press releases are still an effective marketing tool, and well worth the time and effort.

Miranda vs Arizona essays

Miranda vs Arizona essays In 1963, Ernesto Miranda was arrested in Phoenix, Arizona for armed robbery, and for kidnapping and raping a slightly retarded 18-year-old woman. He already had a record for armed robbery, and juvenile record including attempted rape, assault, and burglary. While in police custody he signed a written confession to the crime. After the conviction, his lawyers appealed, on the grounds that Miranda did not know he was protected from self-incrimination. The police did not tell Miranda of his right to counsel when he was arrested. The chief justice at the time Earl Warren established the Miranda Rights. These rights make it so that the police have to inform the person that they are taking custody over their rights. These rights include the right to remain silent; that any thing they say can be used against them in a court of law; they have the right to the presence of an attorney; and that, if they cannot afford an attorney, one will be appointed for them prior to any questioning if t hey so desire. Miranda was not informed of his rights so any confessions that he that he made prior to his rights being read could not be used against him. Although Miranda confessed to rape and kidnapping he could not be prosecuted because of it. So the first court ruling where he was found guilty had to be disposed of. So he appealed the court decision and brought the case all the way up to the Supreme Court. Miranda appeal made it to the Supreme Court. Miranda was pleading that he was not informed of his rights to a lawyer according to the 6th amendment. Also he was not informed about his right to remain silent. These are the reasons why Miranda made his appeal. In Supreme Court the conviction was overthrown. In a ruling issued in 1966, the court established that the accused have the right to remain silent and that prosecutors may not use statements made by defendants while in police custody unless the p ...

The impact of E-business on information management in the Essay

The impact of E-business on information management in the telecommunications industry - Essay Example These developments raise a number of new challenges for information management. This research proposal seeks to identify recent trends in the telecommunications industry with a focus group being the mobile device and networks of major companies such as Motorola, Nokia and Sprint based on their United Kingdom business activities. The research will also seek to interview at least three telecommunications industry workers to gauge the relationship between perceptions within the industry's e-commerce and statistical evidence derived from historical data research. This paper will analyse several recent business and technological trends in the information communication technology industry and their consequences for performance analysis, using mobile communication businesses as the test group. The fundamental reason for choosing this topic is that having searched literature I found that very few works have been conducted concerning the impact of information management and E-business within the telecommunications industry in U.K. Since most of the studies have been focusing the International market. This fact has encouraged me to do this piece of work in order to contribute to the existing knowledge about this subject by adding a new point of view. Last two decades have seen multi-fold progress in the use of Internet (USIC and IITA, 2000). Nua Internet Surveys have reported an increment in the number of Internet users globally, statistics state the users are increased in all regions of the world from 171 million in 1999 to 304 million in March 2000, an increase of 78 percent (USIC and IITA, 2000). The accessibility of the consumers to different products and services has also been increased. In order to respond to the changing needs of the customers businesses are also applying new techniques to capture a vast market, (Ram et. al., 1999). In a paper Entrust (2001) has mentioned following trends, which are transforming the Telecommunication industry all over the world: "The evolution of digital technology is enabling the convergence of all forms of information - email, video, audio, graphics and text - that must be communicated. The Internet has become a key communications medium and it has facilitated society's evolution as a global

STRATEGIC CHANGE MANAGEMENT Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

STRATEGIC CHANGE MANAGEMENT - Assignment Example Hard elements are easily identified and defined, and management can influence them directly. These elements include strategy, structure as well as systems. On the other hand, soft elements are skills, shared values, and staff. In addition, soft elements are more intricate to describe, less tangible as well as influenced by culture more. Nevertheless, these soft elements are as essential as the hard elements of an organisation to be successful (Smillie & Hailey 2001). Burke & Litwin Causal Model of Organizational Performance and Change propose linkages that theorize the way performance is determined by external and internal factors. It offers a framework to evaluate organizational together with environmental aspects that are successful change keys and it illustrates how these dimensions must be causally linked to attaining a change in performance. Kurt Lewin came up with a change model with three steps: unfreezing, changing as well as refreezing. The model symbolises a quite simple but practical model for getting to understand the change process. These steps are: Unfreezing that entails decreasing those forces that drive behaviour currently, acknowledgment of the need for change and occurrence of improvement. Changing, that is, development of new behaviour or attitudes and the change implementation. The third stage is refreezing that entails stabilising and reinforcing change at the new level (Smillie & Hailey 2001). The 7-S model bases on hypothesis that, for a company to perform well, the seven elements must be aligned as well as mutually reinforced. Thus, the model can be utilized to assist to find out the needs to be realigned to enhance performance or to sustain alignment, as well as performance all through other forms of change. Whatsoever the kind of change e.g. restructuring, organizational merger, new processes, new systems, leadership