The Theoretical Methods Of Quantitative And Qualitative...

The sociologist is interested in understanding the self, other, and social environment, questioning and searching for an interpretation of the common, everyday, and taken for granted. In order to do this, the sociologist needs to apply some form of research and method, however the most successful direction for doing so has been long disputed. Although sociological method has been subject to many different styles and approaches, being constantly updated with new ideas and concepts, this essay will argue that in order to best reflect upon and develop an understanding of today’s world, the researcher needs to use and apply both qualitative and quantitative methods. To make this argument clear, this essay will first go into the understanding of sociological methods through epistemological and ontological views. Then this essay will explore the debate of quantitative or qualitative methods, and then argue for a mixed methods approach. Finally, this essay will utilise an existing re search paper and evaluate one of the many ways to inter-relating quantitative and qualitative method, being the concurrent triangulation design. In conclusion, this essay will prove that through the utilisation of both quantitative and qualitative method, the sociologist has the ability to open a free space for innovation and creativity (Martin, Gutman Hutton, 1988, p.163), in which both methods are able to strengthen each other and further support the interpretation of the phenomena at hand. TheShow MoreRelatedThe Social Construction Of Experience1437 Words   |  6 PagesIn particular, qualitative researchers tend to focus more on the social-constructed reality and the contextual influence, interaction and constraints between the researcher(s) and the participants. They are interested in finding answers to questions that focus on the â€Å"social construction of experience and how meaning is created† (Cooper White, 2012, p. 15). However, quantitative researchers â€Å"emphasize measurement and analysis, and focus on product rather than process† (Cooper White, 2012, p.Read MoreQuantitative And Qualitative Research Design1695 Words   |  7 Pagesphenomena they are interested in studying. Among the most widely used methodologies are quantitative, qualitative, and mixed-method (Cozby Bates, 2012, Garza Landrum, 2015; Leedy Ormrod, 2013; Creswell, 2013; Gergen, 2015). Qualitative and quantitative research designs, for example, are types of research appr oaches that provide clear directions on how to carry out a research plan (Creswell, 2013). The quantitative research design is profoundly deep-rooted in the discipline of psychology where itRead MoreApplying A Mixed Methods For Choosing Text And Data Collection932 Words   |  4 Pagesstudy. The chapter has two sections, in the first of which I pro-vide a brief account of the main implications of applying a mixed-methods approach in re-search design and a brief description of the different ways of designing mixed-methods re-search in 3.2. In the second section, I discuss the use of corpus linguistics as a research method, that is, the quantitative part represented by the application of corpus linguistic tools and the choice of the reference corpus that is compatible with the ObamaRead MoreQualitative And Quantitative And Qualitative Methodologies953 Words   |  4 Pagesimportant to have the balance of both qualitative and quantitative methodologies in a combined methodologies res earch study. It is interesting to note that, one clear practical issue in combining both methods is the issue whether the combined methodologies are â€Å"genuinely integrated† (Bryman, 2007). Bryman further argued, to what extent do researchers who combined both methodologies analyse, interpret and write up their research in a way that both qualitative and quantitative components are mutually integratedRead MoreQualitative vs. Quantitative Research742 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿ Quantitative vs. Qualitative Introduction Qualitative research is designed in general to try and understand and interpret social interactions, according to Xavier University. Quantitative research, on the other hand, is used to test hypothesis, to examine cause and effect, and to make predictions (Xavier). Qualitative research is used to identify patters, themes and certain features while quantitative research tends towards identifying statistical relationships (Xavier). As to the role ofRead MoreThe Definition Of Science And Research Methods1189 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is science? A brief elaboration of the definition of science and research methods INTRODUCTION Science is a complex activity, which may be defined in a number of ways. To unite both the process and the product of science, one way to define science is as a process of constructing predictive conceptual models (Gilbert, 1991). Gilbert (1991) states, when referring to Kuhn (1970, Lunetta Hofstein (1981), Miller (1978) and Stevens Collins (1980) that in essence, ‘’the definition of scienceRead MoreResearch Design For Criminological Research931 Words   |  4 Pages‘triangulation’ in research design for criminological studies. There has been an emergence in the use of triangulation in criminological research, in a bid to combine two methods to ensure the validity of the research. As a result, the use of triangulation is recommended as good practice for any criminological research (Maruna 2009); as no single method can produce a comprehensive account of the study under research (Bryman 1988). In spite of its reported success, the practice of triangulation is not withoutRead MoreQualitative Research On Scientific Merit Essay1694 Words   |  7 PagesQualitative: Scientific Merit Consequently, qualitative research approach emerges from the philosophical belief that truth is socially constructed and subjective to individual experiences associated with critical theory, constructivism, interpretatism, and naturalistic paradigms (Feilzer, 2010; Ponterotto, 2010; Ryan, Coughlan, Cronin, 2007; Scotland, 2012; Venkatesh, Brown, Bala, 2013; Vishnevsky Beanlands, 2004). Paradigms are the philosophical underpinning that guides qualitative researchRead MoreWhat Is The Generic Qualitative Approach? Essay1266 Words   |  6 Pagesthe ‘generic qualitative approach’? There are various research methodologies in qualitative research. However researches sometimes do not find one particular methodology to fit the all types of research. When researches face this kind of challenging situation, they tend to accept ‘generic qualitative approach’. Generic qualitative approach is not guided by an explicit and set of philosophic assumptions in the form of one established qualitative method. Generic qualitative method is sub dividedRead MoreThe Importance Of Decision Making As Well As What, Who, Where, And When977 Words   |  4 PagesQualitative research Qualitative research is concerned with developing and applying mathematical, statistical and econometrics models to test hypotheses involving a natural phenomenon (Patton, 2005). The qualitative research approach is made up of many research methods. The goal is to examine the why and how of decision making as well as what, who, where, and when. Qualitative methods have basis in political sciences, social work, special education and education researchers History At the beginning

The Foreign And Security Policy - 1835 Words

To achieve an â€Å"ever closer Union† members of the European Union had to relinquish certain governance authorities to the Supranational Institutions of the European Unions. The accumulation of power in governance by the EU institutions over the past 50 years have shown that member states are willing to empower the Institutions in regards to their economic policies and social policies which had profound impact on the lives of the European citizens and raised their living standards dramatically. In order to maintain this progressive trajectory a cohesive foreign policy initiative was seen necessary. Major European member states were reluctant in giving up their sovereign right of making their foreign policies to the supranational institutions of the European Union. Therefore, a forum in which EU countries would come together to discuss and cohere their foreign policies was deemed necessary. As result, the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) was initiated to fulfill the desired role. The Common Foreign and Security policy have many weaknesses, which can have significant affect on the direction of future integration in its realm. The Maastricht Treaty established the Common Foreign And Security Policy (CFSP) to replace European Political Cooperation (EPC). The CFSP was one of the pillars of the European Union Until the Treaty of Lisbon changed the pillar systems. The main area of operation for CFSP is defense, security, and external affairs. The main objective of the forumShow MoreRelatedThe Security And Foreign Policy1302 Words   |  6 PagesCombining law enforcement and intelligence is the principal method of accomplishing this (Hughbank Githens, 2010). Intelligence is vital to homeland defense and security. The U.S. intelligence community (IC) has the responsibility of conducting intelligence activities that are necessary for conducting foreign relations and for the national security of the United States (â€Å"Intelligence Community†, n.d.). The following is a brief report about the U.S. intelligence community and the history of U.S. intelligenceRead MoreNational Security in Foreign Policy645 Wo rds   |  3 Pages†¢ Foreign policy definition: a set of political goals that aims to outline how a particular state will interact with others †¢ Beach (2012): Foreign policy actions can be undertaken using a variety of different instruments, ranging from adopting declarations, making speeches, negotiating treaties, giving other states economic aid, engaging in diplomatic activity such as summits, and the use of military force †¢ No matter which instruments are used, the primary objective of states in outlining theirRead MoreU.s. National Security And Foreign Policy1427 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract: The theoretical and qualitative research findings discussed in this paper support the claim that the cases of Aldrich Ames and Edward Snowden led to monumental changes in U.S. national security and foreign policy. The effects of these cases extend beyond domestic change and have instigated international repercussions in both intelligence practices and diplomatic relations between the United States and multiple countries. Moreover, research acquired from journals, academic books, congressionalRead MoreEffective Measures For Foreign And Security Policy1615 Words   |  7 Pagesmeasures for foreign and security policy is, of course, challenging for any country. When the decision involves highly sensitive issue such as denuclearization of another country, it is something that no one can resolve easily even with great length of time, specified plans, much power, or money. Gill states in his report, â€Å"Despite differences on tactics and approach, the primary strategic goal on which nearly all parties in China agree is stability, both at home and in China’s foreign relations, particularlyRead MoreThe Trends Of Foreign Policy And National Security1653 Words   |  7 PagesAmerican foreign policy has gradually changed since the birth of our nation. On July 4, 1891, John Quincy Adams addressed the Senate and House of Representatives during a powerful Independence Day speech designed to prevent an alliance with the Greeks against the Ottoman Empire. Although sympathetic to their cause, he warned against involving America in other states’ affairs, stating,† America does not go abroad in search of monsters to destroy. She is the well-wisher to Freedom and independenceRead MoreMaximizing Naitonal Security Through Foreign Policy3040 Words   |  13 PagesForeign poli cy can be understood as a set of political goals that aims to outline how a particular state will interact with others For Beach (2012), â€Å"Foreign policy actions can be undertaken using a variety of different instruments, ranging from adopting declarations, making speeches, negotiating treaties, giving other states economic aid, engaging in diplomatic activity such as summits, and the use of military force†. No matter which instruments are used, the primary objective of states in outliningRead MoreImpact Of Domestic Politics On German Foreign And Security Policy1648 Words   |  7 PagesDiscuss the impact domestic politics has on German foreign and security policy. Germany is arguably one of the key global political actors. It’s extremely prominent, especially within international relations, and is also regarded as being economically, politically and geographically at the center of Europe. Germany’s success in Europe is considered to be due to its post-world war shift in ideologies and political culture and structures, from authoritarianism to democracy which inevitably createdRead MoreAmerica s Foreign Policies And Outlook On National Security Protocol2150 Words   |  9 Pages September 11, 2001 marks the day of a horrific event that had changed America’s foreign policies and outlook on national security protocol. The response that the U.S. government had towards this act of terror was a response involving the pursuit of justice against those who committed the heinous actions that killed thousands of innocent Americans. The U.S. government wanted to combat our enemies by pursuing national interests in an attempt to stop the occurrences of terrorism that were occurringRead MoreSouth Africas Foreign Policy And National Security Concerns Over The Ongoing Conflict1944 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction: In this paper, I will explain South Africa’s foreign policy and national security concerns over the ongoing conflict in Syria. In order to understand how Syria developed into its current state, I will then provide an overview of the history of the country. The history will begin at the end of World War I after the fall of the Ottoman Empire and will then continue through French control and the subsequent uprising. It will then proceed on to World War II, the founding of the Baath PartyRead MoreNational Security Structure Development in Steven Hook and John Spaniers Book, American Foreign Policy Since WWII807 Words   |  4 PagesCritical Evaluation of the Key Issues In Post-World War II National Security Structure Development Steven Hook and John Spaniers 2012 book titled â€Å"American foreign policy since WWII serves as one of the most important texts that can be used in understanding the underlying complexities on American foreign policies. Like the first readings that are analyzed in class (American Diplomacy by George Kennan and Surprise, Security, and the American Experience by John Lewis Gaddis), this text also brings

The Early Childhood Care And Education †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Early Childhood Care And Education. Answer: Introduction Early childhood is the period after birth until 8years of age. This time is said to have the roots to its subsequent development when the brain grows to the fullest. Early Childhood care and education (ECCE) is the time at this period for children when they are prepared and assisted to enter into a formal schooling. Many researches are done related to early childhood and their impact on ECCE. Anders (2015), in his study on preschool children and came to the conclusion that home and learning environment help children develop numeracy skills. In another work by Vesely (2016), where he has selected immigrants, mother and their style of secured ECCE for their children. Thus, his findings say that diversity of program is important for this kind of selections. This report deals with the impact of early years curricular or pedagogical issues on how they affect programmed planning in young children. Discussion: Curriculum planning Curriculum planning in early childhood is the process which involves the engagement of learners in improving and developing the curriculum for a young child who is about to enter the school or learning environment. However, in a curriculum planning for child is important as well as challenging path. School issues regarding curriculum planning is the ideal age for entering kindergarten. The various ages for entering kindergarten are different worldwide. The ideal age to enter school is 6years for Russia, Switzerland, Australia, Japan, and Germany. In Sweden, it is 7 years of age, in England children starts schooling between 4 and 5 years of age, and in New Zealand, the child enters school on their 5th birthday. There is also a variation regarding entry to the schools in United States, with a level of birth dates for being enrolled in the school already set by the state. The children in traditional American schools kindergarten starts from 5 years of age, ranking the United States in t he forwarded portion for entering school in comparison with other countries (McLachlan, Fleer Edwards, 2013). The early life of a child is very important to make him learn the roles and prepare him to face the challenges that he may face in his future educational journey. Home and school both environment help the child in learning and thus when he enters kindergarten he actually brings with him lot of experiences that he gained at home. It is the role of the teacher to guide the child in polishing and rephrasing those experiences for future purposes through the curriculum planning (Galindo Sheldon, 2012). Wood and Hedges (2016), in their study focused on early childhood and have come up with three important questions within the curriculum theory that are content, coherence and control. Pinar (2011), gave a complete interpretation of curriculum as outlining on number of narratives and approaches like personal, historical, social, cultural, postcolonial, political, and ethical. Thus, many people being children, families, professionals, or policy-makers are attached in creating, living, and undergoing that curriculum. Dillon peaked on the significance of asking basic questions about the nature, components, context, goals, and practice of curriculum, and grasping the basic tensions in such questions (Keiding Qvortrup, 2017). Impact of Curriculum planning in early childhood According to me, teaching the young minds through worksheets can help them in their better understanding of the different concepts they go through and they often memorize them. As worksheets contain explanations of the topics thus, it helps the children understand their meaning first and then it becomes easy for them to grasp the basic and go through. Children have short memory span and so worksheets help children for practicing and improve their thought process. Play on the other hand helps the child to enhance their self worth because through play they can actually sense their own abilities and this act as a feel good factor for them. Through play, children get engrossed in what they are doing and so they develop the art of concentration. Making learning fun at this age helps children explore new and creative ways on their own. Thus, I think both have their own benefits for the development of the child. Active and experiential learning through worksheet and play can be impactful for the child as well. A child should actively take part try to engage in the task to think effectively and this helps them to learn better because they are engage actively. Play is an experiential process where the child is learning through physical movements as well as mental involvements. Here children get the opportunity to raise questions rather than simply finding the answers (Kolb, 2014). Impact of physical learning environment in early childhood In early childhood, their environments can limit the fastest development of the brain and their learning experiences and so the physical environment that is given to them has a vital impact on their brain development and is reflected in their worksheets and play. The environment where children are learning through worksheets must be supportive and encouraging. Teacher plays an important role and so they must help the child to explore through their cognitive skills. Classrooms should be designed so that the childs behavior can be explored. While children are learning through play, ample space and safely must be the basic criteria. Toys and games that would help the child to enhance their mental, as well as physical skills and they must be sanitized so that child remains germ free. We as a parent associate learning with worksheets but in reality maximum of the skills are learnt through play. Children majorly learn using their senses at the young age that helps them better understand their surroundings. They learn more by modeling and by visual stimulation. Thus through play, which is a fun filled activity for the child they learn, being actively involved in it. Children short attention span and so it is difficult for the child to sit back and learn o do the worksheet and often makes no interest to the child and so to get over it they just mug up rather than deeper understanding. Therefore, learning through worksheets are passive than play where learning takes place actively (Fisher, Godwin Seltman, 2014). . Learning from worksheets vs. play Fine motor skills in the child can be generated through various activities like open ended drawing and various writing tools should be used to attract the child. Children learn a lot more from the real experiences that they encounter with and through interacting and purposeful play. In many nursery schools, childcare and kindergartens, young children gets devoted on worksheet based tasks. Teachers who are using worksheets believe that they are updating children's learning advancement to parents. However, sadly for many children worksheet activities are not appropriate in their development. In the early childhood days, the child deals with cognitive, emotional, physical and social tasks to achieve. Therefore, they do not learn what their parents and teachers think they are learning and so the child should spend time towards some useful attempts (Branscombe, 2013). Play is on the other hand seems more beneficial for a child at the early childhood. As they grow older, their play evolves. Through play, a child is realistically encountering the problems and so they learn to think, remember and solve problems practically. The problem solving capacity is done through solving puzzles and games. They also get an idea of the various shapes, sizes and the textures through play. Play helps a child grow emotionally where they can expand their imaginations and be creative. They learn to be a part of the group so when the child enters schools this play helps them in adjusting (Piaget, 2013). Changes to improve any existing inappropriate practice based on worksheet and play pedagogy As a parent, we always put emphasis on worksheets than on play. The most inappropriate practice that I think of worksheet is that it is often the perspective of the one who makes the worksheet and it is his/her philosophy that is reflected. Children are engage for the answers rather than clearing and exploring through the topic broadly. So worksheets must be open-ended so that children gets a chance to think innovatively and understands deeply by realistically understanding the concepts altogether. On the other hand, we only structure the play of our children so that they can learn the skills we want. This is an inappropriate practice because it obstructs the Childs creative and imaginative skills. Thus, children must be given freedom and space so that they can evaluate and understand the situation themselves. Presently children are still pressured more for their worksheets and thus getting lesser time for play which I should be look after and children must get proper environment and time for both as they are beneficial in their own ways to the child. Environment plays a huge role in learning process so a child should get a supportive, encouraging and stress free environment where they can actually develop their imagination. The child should be given the freedom to ask questions, clear the doubts, and be free to participate and experiment with games that they are playing (Ling Lo, 2012). Conclusion To conclude this report, it should be said that early childhood is the phase in the childs development when he actually learns the basic through which he will shine in the future prospects of education. Through curriculum planning, the child is prepared so that he can deal with the challenges that he will encounter once he will enter the school. The role of teacher here plays an important role as their ideologies are reflected in the child later on. The child at this early age spends the maximum time in the preschools and thus the learning environment is playing a deep part for the child. Keeping in mind the role of worksheets and play through which the child learns a lot and that helps them grow. However, it was found that play is more helping in developing a child than worksheets. It helps in cognitive, motor, social and emotional developments. References Anders, Y., Rossbach, H. G. (2015). Preschool teachers sensitivity to mathematics in childrens play: The influence of math-related school experiences, emotional attitudes, and pedagogical beliefs.Journal of Research in Childhood Education,29(3), 305-322. Branscombe, N. A., Burcham, J. G., Castle, K., Surbeck, E. (2013).Early childhood curriculum: A constructivist perspective. Routledge. Fisher, A. V., Godwin, K. E., Seltman, H. (2014). Visual environment, attention allocation, and learning in young children: When too much of a good thing may be bad.Psychological science,25(7), 1362-1370. Galindo, C., Sheldon, S. B. (2012). School and home connections and children's kindergarten achievement gains: The mediating role of family involvement.Early Childhood Research Quarterly,27(1), 90-103. Keiding, T. B., Qvortrup, A. (2017). Higher education journals as didactic frameworks.Higher Education Research Development, 1-16. Kolb, D. A. (2014).Experiential learning: Experience as the source of learning and development. FT press. Ling Lo, M. (2012).Variation theory and the improvement of teaching and learning. Gteborg: Acta Universitatis Gothoburgensis. McLachlan, C., Fleer, M., Edwards, S. (2013).Early childhood curriculum: Planning, assessment, and implementation. Cambridge University Press. Piaget, J. (2013).Play. Taylor Francis. Pinar,W. F.(2011).The character of curriculum studies: Bildung, Currere, and the recurring question of the subject.New York,NY:Palgrave McMillan.[CrossRef],[Google Scholar],2012Pinar,W. F.(2012).What is curriculum theory? (2nd ed.).New York,NY:Routledge.[Google Scholar] Vesely, C. K., Letiecq, B. L., Ewaida, M. (2016). Immigrant Families in the United States.The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Family Studies. Wood, E., Hedges, H. (2016). Curriculum in early childhood education: critical questions about content, coherence, and control.The Curriculum Journal,27(3), 387-405.

Philosophy of Human Conduct

Philosophy is a developing science, full of difficult questions concerning the nature of a human being. One of such problems is the philosophy of human conduct. Exactly this aspect of human conduct inspired this paper. Understanding of this problem seems to be impossible without psychological explanation of human behavior. Also, the philosophy of human conduct deals with ethics and moral principles.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Philosophy of Human Conduct specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The aim of the paper is to reveal the nature of human conduct from the philosophical point of view. Thus, to achieve the aim, this paper is interested in both psychological and philosophical aspects of human behavior. Proceeding to the next part of the paper, one thing should be explained. In terms of this problem, the word â€Å"behavior† means psychological aspect, and the word â€Å"conduct† means philoso phical aspect; in the general context, they are synonyms. Human behavior is always in the scope of psychology. Human beings are biological creatures with their own individual psyche, nervous system, temper and behavior. According to Descartes, the human organism is a complex machine; its elements are interdependent and tightly connected (Gleitman 15). That is why, the organization of a human being is associated with a mechanism; its details fulfill their own function, and failure of one of the details leads to general failure if corresponding measures are not assumed. Nowadays, psychologists â€Å"agree with Descartes that much of behavior can be understood as reactions to outside events: The environment poses a question and the organism answers it† (Gleitman 17). The chain of stimuli leads to action sequence: reception, transmission-integration, and reaction. The nature of human behavior is based on nerve cell and nerve impulse. As all people are different, they have differe nt nervous system that create different behavior. According to general psychology, motives direct people’s behavior (Gleitman 55). Owing to the nervous system, there are positive and negative psychological experiences. Such emotional states as fear (motivated or unmotivated), rage, anxiety, distress, apathy, hostility, etc. are realized by means of negative impulses. Positive impulses, in contrast, are reflected in enthusiasm, interest, joy, satisfaction, love and others. Proceeding from the information stated above, there appear some logic questions. What conditions person’s behavior? Why do people have so complex nature of the conduct? Complexity of human conduct can be explained by such things like character and temperament. They dictate peculiarities in human behavior and condition person’s behavior. That is why, the nature of human conduct is a difficult aspect of a human being. Moreover, it is not fully investigated by psychology.Advertising Looking f or term paper on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Temperament is the natural basis for character. Owing to different temperament, people’s character is colored differently. Temperament is the basis of each personality. Temperament is individual feature of a human being that defines dynamic of flowing of his psychical processes and behavior. However, temperament does not characterize the person’s beliefs, views and interests, and does not indicate his value. Nevertheless, human conduct depends on the types of temperament. According to them, a person may have classical features that are peculiar to four types: choleric, sanguine, phlegmatic, and melancholic. In terms of peculiarities of human conduct, there are differences between personality and individual. Personality is a person who is different from others in his worldview, world perception. Individual is a person who possesses his own thoughts, own abili ties, common sense; he is able to act in his own way regardless from other people. However, in philosophical terms, these differences are not so important. Nevertheless, one of the researchers states that â€Å"Society desperately needs people who have the courage to be different, to commence new practices, and set the example of more enlightened conduct, and better taste and sense inhuman life. Too often individuals are lost in the crowd† (James 353). Many people would agree with the author’s statement. The history of all human civilization would be impossible without some prominent leaders. Often, only purposeful, assertive and fearless individuals achieve success. As temperament influences the development of features of character, the nature of different people is complex. For example, in relation to other individuals and people, one person can show good-fellowship, advertence, kind-heartedness, respect; another person can show asociality, ungratefulness, rudeness, and disdain. In terms of work, there are also different examples. A hard-working and responsible person who is lack of money, treats his job well, because it gives him satisfaction. A lazy and spoiled son of a rich father demonstrates other results in his job. A person with healthy psyche is self-critic, and possesses adequate self-esteem. In contrast, for example, many famous people show negative features: impudence, arrogance, egoism. However, features of character do not depend on social status, race, or sex. In this context, the role of education and self-making grows.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Philosophy of Human Conduct specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It seems to be difficult to define what exactly guides the human conduct. There are many answers. Psychologists may think that it depends on temperament and character, or peculiarities of the nervous system and psyche. For example, Metchnikoff (20 03) believes that â€Å"the social instinct has been acquired by mankind too recently, and it is still to feeble to be a trustworthy guide in all conduct† (Metchnikoff 110). Yes, the social instinct is a power natural instinct in the basis of human nature, but as a human being is a thinking conscious creature with rich inner world, there appear moral principles and ethics. A human being is a complex-organized and social creature. His behavior depends on both biological factors (physiological needs, instincts) and non-biological ones – the culture of society (traditions, cultural values), state laws, personal moral values (ethics) and religious beliefs. Besides psychological explanation, there is a philosophical view on human conduct, as well. Of course, philosophy explains human conduct in non-biological aspects. Owing to different historical, social and cultural contexts, there were different explanations of philosophy of human conduct in various periods. In the ancie nt period, this problem was researched by Plato and Aristotle. Later, this question was raised by religious people of Middle Ages, â€Å"when ecclesiastical authority reigned supreme and the human reason† (Copleston 2). Since Descartes gave to a human being freedom, this idea was caught by modern philosophy. It is essential to notice that â€Å"in the ancient period and he modern period philosophy may be considered a free man, whereas in the medieval period it was a slave† (Copleston 2). According to medieval point of view, only God guided a human conduct through his entire destiny. Nowadays, a human conduct has a biological and philosophical explanation. It is necessary to say that some researchers divide human conduct into bad and good. In the book about human nature and conduct, one may read: â€Å"Neutrality is non-existent. Conduct is always shared; this is the difference between it and a psychological process. If it is not an ethical â€Å"ought† that con duct should be social. It is social, whether bad or good† (Dewey 17).Advertising Looking for term paper on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Nevertheless, a human being is an ambiguous creature; sometimes, it is impossible to say for sure if the act has a good or bad coloring. Life is a many-sided phenomenon, full of challenges and secret. However, whether a person is religious or not, he should obey the laws of society. Each man possesses his own moral principles and ethics. Why are they so essential for a human being? Do people need them only within society to which they belong? Ethical code is highly necessary for a human being who wants to understand what is good and what is bad. Misunderstanding of ethical norms may lead to social conflicts, interpersonal problems and even deaths. The sphere and problem of ethics was interesting for many researches. For example, one of them writes in his book: â€Å"If one consults the wisdom of the ages it will be found nearly unanimous in the opinion that, of all inquiries the most important are those which concern the right and wrong forms of human conduct† (Trumbull 1). A ccording to this statement, â€Å"right† and â€Å"wrong† things are in the scope of ethics. It examines human conduct in relation to the ideal standard. What are the ideal ethical norms? The basic problems of ethics as science are the problems of the criteria of good and evil, sense of life, justice, moral duties. Proceeding from this, there are the following ethical norms: values of life, consciousness, activity, suffer, power, free will, foresight, purpose, etc. However, ethical norms are nothing without virtues: justice, wisdom, courage, self-control, beneficence, honesty and sincerity, faith and devotion, kindness and compassion, credit, worth relationships with others. One of the most valuable ethical virtues is the ability to love, and to make someone else happy. If a person follows all the ethical norms, he will achieve the ideal standard. Nevertheless, people are not ideal in their nature. Everyone has his own peculiarities, advantages and disadvantages. One t hing is evident: a human being should go after the light (Waller 119). The essence of personal ethics is in the individual himself: a human being should be humane. Unfortunately, throughout the whole history of human civilization, there happened unethical deeds: wars, murders, violence, victimization, betrayals and others. Nowadays, the ethical problems are one of the burning and topical ones. Rethinking of ethical norms in one’s own way, the influence of mass media, and pop culture lead to misunderstanding the true ethics. To avoid this, society has elaborated reliable institutions to cultivate and practice ethical norms: educational institutions, social institutions (family, favorable environment), literature, etc. Very often, different cultures, religions and other context dictate the ethical norms. For most countries, universal human values are ingrained in state laws: prohibition to murder, steal and commit other crimes, liberal principles of freedom of speech and human rights. In Christianity, for example, there follow Ten Commandments. However, in all societies, people used to follow the Golden Rule: a person should treat the other person in the same way he would want to be treated. In the context of general ethical norms of all people, there is another problem: moral principles. What is morality? What is the essence of it? Why does human society need it so much? Understanding of human morality is the key to the philosophy of human conduct. Without morality, a human being would hardly different from other mammals. Oakeshott (1991), for example, believes that â€Å"a morality is the ars atrium of conduct; the practice of all practices†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Oakeshott 60). That is why, it is so essential. Speaking about moral acts, the words of one of the researcher can be cited: â€Å"Morality begins with the first act of dominion of the will which occurs in any action. The will is the royal and imperial power in men†¦In moral action the reason a nd the will are wedded. A moral act is the offspring of their union, for either good or evil† (Humphrey 4). In other words, moral acts are directed to either good or bad. In this context, morality deals with its rule of rightness. Human beings should be responsible for their acts and conduct. It is necessary to remember that following all ethical and moral principles, people deed good acts. Humphrey (2009) concludes that â€Å"all morality is in the deliberate will. All sin is rooted in, and spring from, the will† (Humphrey 52). Sins are wrong acts that may cause social tragedies and problems. Proceeding from this, all people should have â€Å"moral obligations† (Hume Sayre-McCord 131). Exactly â€Å"laws of justice† â€Å"gives rise to the moral obligation of duty† (Hume Sayre-McCord 147). Consequently, morality is the regulator of human conduct in society. What if a person is an outcast of society, and lives outside the society? Robinson Crusoe serves a suitable example of such man. The plot of the novel about him, and evolution of the character proves the necessity to follow all ethical and moral principles, regardless from circumstances and conditions. A human being should always remain a human being. Whether it is a city or a desolate island, a man’s life should be full of good acts; he should distinguish good from evil, and struggle with his bad side of human nature by means of self-making. Thus, morality embraces moral views and feelings, life orients and principles, purposes and motives of acts and relationships. Owing to them, a human being is able to differentiate good from evil, honesty from dishonesty, justice from injustice, normality from abnormality, mercy from cruelty. Also, morality is intended to decrease the social conflicts. Developing ethical and moral principles, one should not forget to improve oneself: intellectually and spiritually. The right organization of the human inner world is integratin g part of moral evolution. Each man should be guided by conscience that allows to practice good virtues and deeds through the entire life. Children used to inherit the moral portrait of their parents; teenagers are always guided by the social environment; adults should experience self-making. Keeping all this in mind, people must have right notion about ethic and moral principles and duties. Lacunas in this aspect may cause unhappiness, dramatic events, and social chaos. All information stated above allows to make certain conclusions. A human being is a complicated creature who possesses biological and non-biological peculiarities. Psychological aspect of human conduct deals with nervous system, instincts and reactions that explain the physiological nature of human behavior. In contrast to psychology, philosophy has always tried to explain a human conduct through the light of ethics and moral principles. Realizing the spiritual values, ethical norms and moral duties, a man reveals t he nature of philosophy of human conduct. Unfortunately, a man has a negative side of his nature hat reflects in sins, vices and evil acts. In this context, for a man, the experience of self-making seems to be useful. This experience will help him to avoid possible mistakes concerning the relationships and conduct in society. Parents are first people who display the moral and ethic picture to a child. In the process of physiological and psychological development, he faces the social environment: friends, teachers, colleagues, etc. The main task at hand for society, is to serve as a suitable example, and ideal moral model for a man. Of course, people are far from ideal, but each man should practice self-making, becoming a better person. Healthy morality lives only in healthy psyche. Philosophy of human conduct is one of the keys to understanding the nature of human conduct. Work Cited Copleston, Frederick C. A History of Philosophy. Vol. 1. New York, NY: Continuum International Publi shing Group, 2003. Print. Dewey, John. Human Nature and Conduct. Charleston, SC: BiblioBazaar, LLC, 2009. Print. Gleitman, Henry. Biological Basis of Behavior. Motivation. In W.W. Norton and Company Inc., Psychology (Gleitman, 1981). New York, NY: University of Pennsylvania, 1981. 15-95. James, Christian L. Philosophy: An Introduction to the Art of Wondering. 10th ed. Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning, 2008. Print. Hume, David, and Geoffrey Sayre-McCord. Moral Philosophy. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Publishing, 2006. Print. Humphrey, William. Conscience and Law, or, Principles of Human Conduct. Charleston, SC: BiblioBazaar, LLC, 2009. Print. Metchnikoff, Elie. Nature of Man or Studies in Optimistic Philosophy. Whitefish, MT: Kessinger Publishing, 2003. Print. Oakeshott, Michael. On Human Conduct. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1991. Print. Trumbull, Ladd G. Philosophy of Conduct: a Treatise of the Facts, Principles, and Ideals of Ethics. Charleston, SC: BiblioBazaar, LLC, 2009. Pr int. Waller, Bruce N. Consider ethics: Theory, readings, and contemporary issues. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Pearson/Longman, 2008. 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