Crime and crime prevention

With the economic climate in the state that its in, unemployment levels be extremely mean populate be struggling to afford the extremely high cost of living pass oning in the increase of criminal offense grade end-to-end the country. Thanks to this crime prevention methods wee-wee been improved by numerous new technological devices e.g. databases, CCTV, hitchprinting and speed cameras.desoxyribonucleic acid databaseThe DNA database plenty help police investigators link individuals to certain crime sense, this crowd out help add to the evidence against a suspect. People leave their finger prints everywhere, therefore this is why the DNA database is one of the most reliable and devote worthy forms of evidence, also this is one of the most comm moreover used methods without the police force. By the use of this technology it has helped many cold cases be resolved, because this technology wasnt available 15 years ago as its soothe a relatively new method of gaining evidenc e.The database has raised many multitude awareness of the police and made them realise that it might not be as simple as they believed to burden a crime anymore as there are many different and affective musical modes of finding the ones reasonable. Because the database holds over a million individual fingerprints, this can result in the process being slow as it has to search through each individual file trying to make a sustain match. Overall the concept of the DNA database with the technology to scan fingerprints into system where they can be matched to previous crimes and individuals is a great as discipline to the police fate solve many crimes.CCTVBecause of the increase in crime and shop lifting at heart the 20th century along with the new revolutionary technology, most stores pack covalence systems fitted. This makes large number scared, and they decide that they dont want to steal anything as they receive they will get caught. CCTV is an easy way to keep people from steal things however it is also very useful when it comes to maculation people that have committed the crime. Many smaller businesses would have problems affording a full CCTV set up, to buy a full system with 2 cameras not including insularism would set you back anywhere between ccc and 500. Many people dislike the idea of CCTV cameras watching our every move in town centres and cities they feel as its an intrusion to their privacy. According to statistics, the average citizen is caught on CCTV cameras 300 times a day.Since 2002 the use of CCTV has change magnitude and the crime prevention rate been dramatically improved. A report by the House of Commons in July 2010 states The use of closelippedd circuit television cameras for the purposes of tackling crime has greatly increased over the last decade.With the use of around 4.2million CCTV cameras in the UK the number of crimes has been change magnitude by 16%. The most affected area by the cameras is earthly concern car pa rks, by introducing the cameras crime rates have decreased by 51%. By having individuals monitoring the CCTV forages constantly, they are able to see whether or not police are needed and can use savvy to see potential trouble before it happens. In my opinion CCTV has changed lives of many people for the better, as just having the CCTV cameras fitted is enough to put many people off from committing crimes. Also people that use private CCTV cameras benefit as they act also as a deterrent, but if a crime is committed there is a much higher chance of catching the people responsible.Speed CamerasSpeed cameras are a great way of controlling the speed of traffic and keeping road users safe, if theses speed are not followed correctly by drivers they are at the risk of receiving a punishment ranging from 3 points and 60 mulct to disqualification to driving and a fine of 2,500.There are 8 different shells of speed cameras that operate in the UK, 7 of them check you speed against the legal s peed and then walk out a photo of your car so they have you registration dilate to identify the driver at fault. There is one different type of camera call an average speed camera, this toys on a different principle, unlike traditional speed cameras it is no use severance when you see one and then speeding up, as the name suggests they work out the average speed between 2 points. Speed cameras fall in and now they can check whether youre insured, whether youre wearing your seat belt, whether youre too close to the car in front. And all of these things are checked thanks to only one picture being taken.The police work is a destiny more effective with the use of all the technology, and it is a lot harder to commit a crime without being caught due to the fact you are approximately always been watched and leaving your DNA where ever you go. Thanks to all the above technology everyones lives are a lot safer.

Chinese Business Culture Essay

In accordance with our theories, it is necessary for Western exporters to learn ab kayoed the Chinese vexation culture in order to be successful in merchandising in china. There is an old Chinese proverb, Enter village, follow customs duty. The Chinese civilization has a long history and evidence shows that the expression to get things d integrity in China is to do it in the Chinese authority. Chinese patronage culture is the key to the Chinese way of doing pedigree and their style of negotiating (Fang 1998, p. 71).In this chapter, we aim to provide a framework to servicing those Western exporters get a better understanding of Chinese lots channel organisation culture. 1. 0 Influence of Confucianism The Chinese culture encompasses respective(a) and competing philosophies, of which, Confucianism has been identified as the foundation of Chinas great(p) heathenish tradition. Confucian values emphasis on interpersonal relationship and has provided Chinese transaction peopl e with a relationship-based business approach (Bond & Wang 1983).An ordinary Chinese person would too agree that business and marketing in China is about relationships to a great extent. The principle of harmony and trust in Confucianism reflects an aspiration toward a conflict-free and group-based system of social relations, and also means that conversation in a business dialog should be harmonious. Further, the principle of hierarchy emphasizes that each individual should be conscious of her or his position in the society, which is also evident in a business negotiation in China, in particular in a decision- reservation process.(Bond & Wang 1983) 2. 0 Guan Xi The Chinese frontier guan xi, rooted from Confucianism and translated into relationships or connections, is cardinal of the most classical attributes of Chinese business culture, referring to the concept of drawing on connections or networks in order to inviolate favours in personal or business relations (Davies et al. 1995). It is a frozen of concentric circles of contacts, typically stretching from c retrogress family, to distant, to more distant relatives, to classmates, to friends, to friends friends, and so forth.In the Chinese business world, networking of guan xi is a peculiar expediency which fag end contribute a variety of commercial privileges and a great learn of business potentials for the marketer. This approach contrasts sharply with the deal-focused, task-oriented business cultures of North the States and northern Europe (Gesteland & Seyk 2002). Therefore, to establish a great guan xi with the Chinese love seat, partners, customers, even the Chinese authorities and government should be an extremely important marketing strategy of Western exporter that takes to be successful on the Chinese market.3. 0 Establishing a relationship Being relationship-focused, Chinese privilege to deal with family, friends, and persons who they know well and who they send word trust. They are uncomfortable talking business with strangers, especially strangers who also are foreigners (Gesteland & Seyk 2002). For this reason, the first step of business negotiation in China takes a lot of time outside of the great power for socializing. The Chinese invite foreign guests for dinners, sightseeing, and other activities in order to quicken the process of getting to know each other.The Chinese will deficiency to know about this foreign company, its reputation and its management, and will be especially interested in the background, rank and personality of the individual foreign executives making the visit. A Western executive may become impatient with this step, some(prenominal) out of pressure to reach a deal quickly and out of the desire to separate business from the private aspect. However, what the Chinese are authentically doing at this stage is to test the sincerity, intelligence and deference of their prospective business partner before considering doing business wit h him or her. (Fang 1998) 4.0 Attitudes to cartels Confucianisms principles of interpersonal relationship and trust shadower even make some(prenominal) Chinese business people put relationships before contract (Alston & He 1996). umteen Chinese believe that risk in the business can be minimized by developing a quality relationship of guan xi with their business partners. They are more likely to see a contract as a basis of relationship rather than a statutory document.Most of the Chinese executives involved in international business ensure that Western executives require formal documents in which deli precise dates, responsibilities and procedures are explicitly stated and will respect the clauses which they have agreed to. While the Chinese tend to think that, once a relationship has been established, future problems can be solved without legal recourse. And the Chinese are inclined to prefer agreements that are less(prenominal) detailed than the Westerner. Be former, for the m, changes are anticipated and those detailed contracts can become relatively useless. (Alston & He 1996) Therefore, for a Western exporter, it would be bracing to follow the Chinese model and only enter into business relationships with partners one knows and trusts. 5.0 Face Another important Chinese cultural trait is the Chinese concept of formula. In China, face is ones unsloped reputation in others eyes, ones self-respect, dignity and prestige. If a Chinese is insulted, embarrassed, shamed or criticized in public, he or she will lose face. People can also give their counterpart face by making compliments and doing small favours. Giving face is an effective way to build a solid relationship (Gesteland & Seyk 2002). Face issue is also evident in a Chinese business negotiation context. In the business world, negotiations should be conducted to assure that the Chinese counterparts keep face.Because of face consciousness, a Chinese negotiator would refuse to make any concession. S ome of the many delays that Western business negotiators encounter are caused by the Chinese counterparts unwillingness to risk losing face. A lot of evidence has shown that a great deal will be gained by helping the Chinese to win face and a great deal will be lost by any slight action which may cause the Chinese losing face. As a result, cognition of the Chinese concept of face plays a critical role in successfully doing business with the Chinese.(Fang 1998) 6. 0 Holistic thinking In general, the Chinese have a deductive cognition, which means reasoning based on theory and logic (Brake et al. 1995). The Chinese are highly deductive in their assessment of opportunities and problems. They usually want to be introduced to a new product, service or other business opportunity by way of a theory. This theory should provide them with a straightforward overview of the opportunity.The meaning and application of the principles of this theory should then be exhibit with data and facts, alth ough quantitative justification and analysis play a less important role in China than in many inducive Western business environments. Chinese people are likely to be resistant to business proposals which are not presented first in a logical form. (Brake et al. 1995) 7. 0 Speech acts As China has a high-context culture, hinting is an passing common way of communication for the Chinese. Sometimes, Chinese speakers feel that they have been very frank with a clear hint, while the Western listeners still cant catch the point at all.Elements of atmosphere surrounding the conversation, such(prenominal) as previous experience, hierarchy and many other cultural factors characterize the literal meaning of a Chinese speakers sentences. For example, I agree might mean I agree with 15 percent of what you say. And We might be able to could mean Not a chance. What is said is often not what the listener is expected to understand. This is one of the biggest culture shocks in many business negotia tions between the Westerner and the Chinese (Johnston 1991, p. 209).

Article 370

ARTICLE 370 LAWS AND POLITICS While the reputation recognises in oblige 370 the special status of Jammu and Kashmir, the Central goernances policies since 1953 shit entirely lowmined its autonomy. Senior lawyer and semipolitical analyst A. G. NOORANI hash outes both aspects and suggests a focal read out of the mess. I say with all in all reward to our authorship that it incisively does non matter what your geological formation says if the bulk of Kashmir do non unavoidableness it, it testament not go at that place. Because what is the alternative? The alternative is compulsion and compulsion We have fought the solid fight about Kashmir on the field of involvement (and) in m whatsoever(prenominal) a chancellery of the world and in the United Nations, but, in a higher place all, we have fought this fight in the hearts and minds of men and women of that defer of Jammu and Kashmir. Because, at long last I say this with all deference to this fantan the decisi on w paralytic be make in the hearts and minds of the men and women of Kashmir neither in this fantan, nor in the United Nations nor by anybody else, Jawaharlal N ehru say in the Lok Sabha on June 26 and gilded 7, 1952. Selected works of Jawaharlal Nehru, Vol. 18, p. 418 and vol. 19 pp. 295-6, appreciateively. From 1953 to 1975, Chief Ministers of that earth had been arousedidates of Delhi. Their identification to that post was legitimised by the implementing of outlying(prenominal)cical and in all rigged elections in which the Congress party led by Delhis nominee was elected by huge majorities. This authoritative description of a blot on our saucer which most overlook was written by B. K. Nehru, who was Governor of Kashmir from 1981 to 1984, in his memoirs create in 1997 (Nice Guys Finish Second pp. 14-5). THOSE who cavil at member 370 of the Indian shaping and the special status of Kashmir extremely ought to remember the special interference meted out to it politi cally. Which separate body politic has been subjected to such(prenominal) debasement an d dis whitethorn? And, why was this d iodine? It was because New Delhi had second thoughts on clause 370. It could not be abrogated legally. It was subvertd to a husk through political parody and constitutional abuse. The current debate is much more than about renovation of expression 370 by erasing the distortions.It is about redressing a moral wrong. The United presence giving medications minimum programme, published on June 5, 1996, state respecting obligate 370 of the personality as well as the wishes of the flock, the problems of Jammu and Kashmir go forth be resolved through self-aggrandizing the people of that fix t he maximum degree of autonomy. fundamental abuse accompanied political fraud. oblige 370 was intended to guaran golf tee Kashmirs autonomy. On December 4, 1964, confederation Home Minister G. L. Nanda state it would be utilise to serve as a tunnel (sic. in t he wall in determine to increase the Cent res agent. The claim was put in a status inferior to that of other coldmings. One illustration suffices to demonstrate that. fantan had to amend the Constitution four whiles, by means of the 59th, 64th, 67th and 68th Constitution Amendments, to perish the hot seats Rule oblige in Punjab on may 11, 1987. For the sound out of Jammu and Kashmir the equal result was accomplished, from 1990 to 1996, by mere executive orders under condition 370. other gross case illustrates the capacity for abuse.On July 30, 1986, the chairwoman make an order under Article 370, extending to Kashmir Article 249 of the Constitution in order to authorize fantan to legislate even on a matter in the carry List on the strength of a Rajya Sabha resolution. Concurrence to this was precondition by the Centres bear appointee, Governor Jagmohan. G. A. L superstar, a former Secretary, Law and parliamentary Affairs, to the situate Government described in K ashmir Times (April 20 , 1995) how the utilisation was d one in a single mean solar day against the Law Secretarys advice and in the absence of a Council of Ministers. The Nehru-Abdullah Agreement in July 1952 (the Delhi Agreement) confirmed that the residual agents of legislation (on matters not mentioned in the responsibility List or the simultaneous List), which Article 248 and Entry 97 ( unification List) confer on the core, w ill not apply to Kashmir. The order of 1986 purported to apply to the State Article 249, which empowers Parliament to legislate even on a matter in the State List if a Rajya Sabha resolution so authorises it by a two-thirds vote. unless it so amend Article 249 in its application to Kashmir as in effect to apply Article 248 instead any matter specify in the resolution, be a matter which is not enumerated in the junction List or in the coinciding List. The pith thus acquired the power to legislate not solitary(prenominal) on all matters in the State List, but others not mentioned in the Union List or the Concurrent List the residuary power. In relation to other States, an amendment to the Constitution would implore a two-thirds vote by both Houses of Parliament plus substantiation by the States (Article 368).For Kashmir, executive orders have sufficed since 1953 and can continue till Doomsday. nowhere else, as far as I can see, is there any cooking author ising the executive politics to make amendments in the Constitution, chair Rajendra Prasad pointed out to superlative Minister Nehru on September 6, 1952. Nowhere else, in the world, indeed. Is this the state of things we wish to perpetuate? Uniquely Ka shmir negotiated the terms of its membership of the Union for five months. Article 370 was adopted by the section manufacture as a result of those parleys.YET, all hell broke loose when the State group adopted, on June 26, a resolution recording its acceptance of the brood of the State Autonomy Committee (the R eport) and asked the Union Government and the Government of Jammu and Kashmir to pack positi ve and effective steps for the work throughation of the same. On July 4, the Union Cabinet said that the resolution was unacceptable would set the clock back and reverse the essential process of harmonising the aspirations of the people of Jammu & Kashmi r with the integrity of the State a transp arent falsehood, as everyone knows.The States Law Minister, P. L. Handoo, said on June 26 that the people penury nothing more than what they had in 1953. Overworked metaphors (about the clock or the waters of the Jhelum which flowed since) do not answer two crucial questions Can lapse of fourth dimension sanctify patent constitutional abuse? Can it supply legislative competence? If Parliament has legislated over the States on a matter on which it had no power to legislate, under the Constitution, it would be a nullity. Especially if the States people have been protesting meanwhile and their voice was stifled through rigged elections.disfavour of Chief Minister Farooq Abdullahs opportunist politics should not blind one to the constitutional issues. The States Finance Minister, Abdul Rahim Rather, a moving spirit behind the Report, resents suggestions of political timing. The repo rt was primed(p) in the lead the meeting on April 13, 1999. The State Cabinet endorsed its passports and obdurate last April to convene a special session of the gathering to discuss it. The Government of India was once again requested to set up a ministeri al committee in order to initiate a converse on the report. It provides a comprehensive survey of constitutional developments, which is useful in itself for its documentation. It proclivitys 42 orders under Article 370 and gives the following opinion Not all these orders can be objected to. For instance, none can obj ect to feed for control elections to Parliament in 1966 It is the principle that matters. Constitutional limits are t here to be respected, not violated. The ruler of Jammu and Kashmir ac ceded to India by an Instrument of entryway on October 26, 1947 in respect of and three subjects defence, foreign personal matters and communications.A register listed precisely 16 topics under these heads plus four others (e lections to Union legislature and the want). Clause 5 said that the Instrument could not be change without the States consent. Clause 7 read Nothing in this Instrument shall be deemed to commit me in any way to acceptance of any forthcoming Constitution of India or fetter my discretion to enter into arrangements with the Government of India under any such future Constitution. Kashmir was then governed internally by its make Constitution of 1939.The Maharaja make an Order on October 30, 1947 appointing beau Abdullah the channelize of the Emergency Administration, replacing it, on March 5, 1948, with an Interim Government with the swell as base Minister. It was enjoined to conve ne a National collection to regurgitate a Constitution for the State. Negotiations were held on May 15 and 16, 1949 at Vallabhbhai Patels habitation in New Delhi on Kashmirs future set-up. Nehru and Abdullah were present. Foremost among the topics were the framing of a Constitution for the State and the subjects in res pect of which the State should accede to the Union of India. On the first, Nehru recorded in a letter to the Sheikh (on May 18) that both Patel and he agreed that it was a matter for the States component hookup. In regard to (ii) the Jammu and Kas hmir State now hold waters acceded to the Indian Union in respect of three subjects namely, foreign affairs, defence and communications. It will be for the component part Assembly of the State when convened, to determine in respect of which other subjects the State may accede (emphasis added, throughout).Article 370 embodies this basic principle which was reiterated throughout (S. W. J. N. Vol. 11 p. 12). On June 16, 1949, Sheikh Abdullah, Mirza Mammad Afzal rap, Maulana Mohammed Saeed Masoodi and Moti Ram Bagda joined the grammatical constituent Assembly of India. Negotiations began in heartfelt on Article 370 (Article 306. A in the draft). N. Gopalaswamy Ayyangar tri ed to reconcile the expirations amidst Patel and Abdullah. A text, agreed on October 16, was moved in the Constituent Assembly the next day, unilaterally altered by Ayyangar. A trivial change, as he admitted in a letter to the Sheikh on October 18. Pa tel confirmed it to Nehru on November 3 on his return from the United States. beseech had withdrawn his amendment after the understanding. Abdullah and he were in the lobby, and rushed to the House when they learnt of the change. In its original form the draft woul d have do the Sheikhs ouster in 1953 impossible. ARTICLE 370 embodies six special provision for Jammu and Kashmir. firstborn, it exempted the State from the edible of the Constitution providing for the governan ce of the States.Jammu and Kashmir was allowed to have its own Constitution within the Indi an Union. Second, Parliaments legislative power over the State was restricted to three subjects defence, external affairs and communications. The President could extend to it other provisions of the Constitution to provide a constitutional framework if they related to the matters specified in the Instrument of Accession. For this, totally consultation with the State government was required since the State had already veritable them by the Instrument.But, third, if other constitutional provisions or other Union powers were to be extensive to Kashmir, the prior consonance of the State government was required. The one-fourth feature is that that connective was provisional. It had to be ratified by the States Constituent Assembly. Article 370(2) says clearly If the connective of the Government of the State be given originally the Constituent Assembly for the pu rpose of framing the Const itution of the State is convened, it shall be placed onward such Assembly for such decision as it may take thereon. The fifth feature is that the State governments authority to give the continuative lasts only till the States Constituent Assembly is convened. It is an interim power. one quantify the Constituent Assembly met, the State government could not give its own concurrence. Still less, after the Assembly met and dispersed. Moreover, the President cannot exercise his power to extend the Indian Constitution to Kashmir indefinitely. The power has to stop at the point the States Constituent Assembly draft ed the States Constitution and decided at long last what accessal subjects to confer on the Union, and what other rovisions of the Constitution of India it should get extended to the State, rather than having their counterparts embodied in the State Const itution itself. Once the States Constituent Assembly had utmostised the scheme and dispersed, the Presidents extending powers ended completely. The sixth special feature, the last step in the process, is that Article 370(3) empowers the President to make an Order abrogating or amending it. But for this besides the recommendation of the States Constituent Assembly shall be necessary forward the President issues such a notification.Article 370 cannot be abrogated or amended by re quarrel to the amending provisions of the Constitution which apply to all the other States namely, Article 368. For, in relation to Kashmir, Article 368 has a proviso which says that no constitutional amend ment shall have effect in relation to the State of Jammu and Kashmir unless applied by Order of the President under Article 370. That requires the concurrence of the States government and ratification by its Constituent Assembly. Jammu and Kashmir is mentioned among the States of the Union in the First Schedule as Article 1 (2) requires.But Article 370 (1) (c) says The provisions of Article 1 and of this Article shall a pply in relation to that State. Article 1 is thus appl ied to the State through Article 370. What would be the effect of its abrogation, as the Bharatiya Janata Party demands? Ayyangars exposition of Article 370 in the Constituent Assembly on October 17, 1949 is authoritative. We have also agreed that the will of the people through the instrument of the Constituent Assembly will determine the Constitution of the State as wel l as the sphere of Union legal power over the StateYou will remember that several of these clauses provide for the concurrence of the Government of Jammu and Kashmir State. Now, these relate particularly to matters which are not mentioned in the Ins trument of Accession, and it is one of our commitments to the people and Government of Kashmir that no such additions should be made debar with the consent of the Constituent Assembly which may be called in the State for the purpose of framing its Co nstitution. Ayyangar explained that the provision is made that whe n the Constituent Assembly of the State has met and taken its decision both on the Constitution for the State and on the range of federal jurisdiction over the State, the President may, on the recomm endation of that Constituent Assembly, issue an Order that this Article 306 (370 in the draft) shall either abjure to be operative, or shall be operative only subject to such exceptions and modifications as may be specified by him. But before he issued an y order of that kind, the recommendation of the Constituent Assembly will be a condition precedent. THE HINDU PHOTO LIBRARY select Minister Jawaharlal Nehru with Sheikh Abdullah. This unique process of Presidential Orders altering constitutional provisions by a mere executive order ends with the final exam decision of the States Constituent Assembly. Ayyangar repeatedly said that the State governments concurrence merely will not do. That concurrence should be placed before the Constituent Assembly when it meets and the Constituent A ssembly may take whatever decisions it likes on those matters. (Constituent Assembly Debates Vol. 8 pp. 424-427).In 1949, no one k cutting when Kashmirs Constituent Assembly would be elected. Ayyangar therefore said The idea is that even before the Constituent Assembly meets, it may be necessary that certain items which are not included in the Instrument of Access ion would be appropriately added to that list in the Instrument and as this may happen before the Constituent Assembly meets, the only authority from whom we can get consent for the addition is the Government of the State. This was explicitly only for that interim period. Article 370 (1) (b) is clear. The power of Parliament to make laws for the said State shall be limited to (1) matters in the Union and Concurrent Lists corresponding to the broad heads specified in the Instrument of Accession and (ii) such other matte rs in the said Lists as, with the concurrence of the Government of the State the President may by Order specify. An history delineate the Government of the State. Similar concurrence was required when extending provisions regarding Union instituti ons beyond the agreed ones. But Article 370 (2) stipulated clearly that if that concurrence is given before the Constituent Assembly s convened, it shall be placed before such Assembly for such decision as it may take thereon. Once Kashmirs Constituent Assembly was convened on November 5, 1951, the State Government lost all authority to accord its concurrence to the Union. With the Assemblys public exposure on November 17, 1956, after adopting the Constitution of Jammu and Kas hmir, vanished the only authority which alone could cede (a) more powers to the Union and (b) accept Union institutions other than those specified in the Instrument of Accession. All additions to Union powers since then are unconstitutional.This unders tanding informed decisions skilful until 1957. THE Constituent Assembly of India adopted the Constitution on Nov ember 26, 1949. A day earlier, the ruler of Kashmir made a Proclamation declaring that it shall in so far as it is applicable to the State of Jammu and Kashmir, govern the constitutional r elationships in the midst of this State and the contemplated Union of India. Article 370 is more than a provision of that fearful document. It is also a sacred compact with the State. On January 26, 1950, the President made his first Order under Article 370, extending specified provisions of the new Constitution to the State.On April 20, 1951, the ruler made a Proclamation for assemble the States Constituent Assembly. It met on November 5, 1951. Two issues came to the fore. Nehru was eager to secure Kashmirs closer integrating with India the Sheikh to ensure popular go vernance. The Delhi Agreement that followed was announced at a press conference in Delhi on July 24, 1952 by both. This Union-Centre accord had no legal force by itself. Only an Order under Article 370 could confer that after t he Sheikh gave his concu rrence formally.The Sheikh, meanwhile, pressed for an Order to redraft the definition in Article 370 redefining the State government as one headed by an elected Sadar-i-Riyasat (State President) acting on the advice of his Ministers. As for the Sheikhs request, Nehru wrote on July 29, 1952 It is not a perfectly clear matter from the legal point of view how far the President can issue notifications under Article 370 several times. On September 6, 1952, President Rajendra Prasad po inted out the illegality of such a course in a closely reasoned Note. (It is appended to the Report. He questioned the competence of the President to have repeated recourse to the extraordinary powers conferred on him by Article 370. Any provi sion authorising the executive government to make amendments in the Constitution was an incongruity. He endorsed Ayyangars views on the finality of a single Order under Article 370. I have little doubt myself that the intention is that the p ower is to be exercised only once, for then alone would it be possible to determine with clearcutness which particular provisions should be excepted and which modified. The President cogitate The conclusion, therefore, seems to me to be overwhelming that Clause (3) of Article 370 was not intended to be utilize from time to time as occasion required. Nor was it intended to be used without any limit as to time. The correc t view appears to be that recourse is to be had to this clause only when the Constituent Assembly (sic) (Constitution) of the State has been fully framed. That was over on November 17, 1956. But he yielded to Nehrus pressure and made the Order on Novem ber 15, 1952. Events took a tragic course.The Sheikh was dismissed from office and imprisoned on August 9, 1953 (vide the writers article, How and Why Nehru and Abdullah Fell Out Economic and Political weekly January 30, 1999). On May 14, 1954 came a compr ehensive Presidential Order under Article 370. Although i t was purported to have been made with the concurrence of the State government it drew validness from a resolution of the Constituent Assembly on February 15, 1954 which approved adjunct to the State of some provisions of the Constitution of India. The Order sought to implement the Delhi Agreement.The Report makes two valid points. Why the haste since the States Constitution was save to be framed? Besides, the order in some respects went beyon d the Delhi Agreement. It certainly paved the way for more such Orders all with the concurrence of the State Government, each elected moreover in a rigged poll. Ninetyfour of the 97 Entries in the Union List and 26 of the 47 in the Concurrent List were extended to Kashmir as were 260 of the 395 Articles of the Constitution. Worse, the States Constitution was overridden by the Centres orders. Its basic twist was altered.The head of State elected by the State legislature was replaced by a Governor nominated by the Centre. Article 356 (impos ition of Presidents Rule) wa s applied despite provision in the States Constitution for Governors rule ( department 92). This was done on November 21, 1964. On November 24, 1966, the Governor replaced the Sadar-i-Riyasat after the States Constitution had been amended on April 10, 1965 by the 6th Amendment in violation of Section 147 of the Constitution. Section 147 makes itself immune to amendment. But it referred to the Sadar-i-Riyasat and required his assent to constitutional amendments.He was elected by the Assembly Section 27 (2). To replace him by the Centres nominee was to alter the basic structure. Article 370 was used freely not only to amend the Constitution of India but also of the State. On July 23, 1975 an Order was made debarring the State legislature from amending the State Constitution on matters in respect of the Governor, the preference Co mmission and even the composition of the Upper House, the Legislative Council. It would be legitimate to ask how all this could pass muster when there existed a Supreme Court of India.Three cases it decided tell a muddied tale. In Prem Nath Kaul vs State of J, decided in 1959, a Constitution bench consisting of five judges unanimously held that Article 370 (2) shows that the Constitution-makers attached great importance to the final decision of the Constituent Assembly, and the continuance of the exercise of powers conferred on the Parliament and the President by t he relevant temporary provision of Article 370 (1) is made conditional on the final approval by the said Constituent Assembly in the said matters.It referred to Clause 3 and said that the proviso to Clause (3) also emphasises the importance whi ch was attached to the final decision of Constituent Assembly of Kashmir in regard to the relevant matters cover by Article 370. The romance rule that the Constitution-makers were obviously anxious that the said relationship should be finally d etermined by the Constituent Assembly of the State itself . But, in 1968, in Sampat Prakash vs the State of J, another Bench ruled to the contrary without even referring to the 1959 case. Justice M.Hidayatullah sat on both Benches. The judicatory held that Article 370 can still be used to make orders thereunder despite the fact that the States Constituent Assembly had ceased to exist. FOUR BASIC flaws stand out in the judgment. First, the Attorney-General cited Ayyangars speech only on the India-Pakistan war of 1947, the vane with the United Nations and the conditions in the State. On this basis, the court said, in 1968, that the situation that existed when this Article was incorporated in the Constitution has not materially altered, 21 old age later.It treat completely Ayyangars exposition of Article 370 itself fundamentally, that the Constituent Assembly of Kashmir al one had the final say. Secondly, it brushed aside Article 370 (2) which lays down this condition, and said that it spoke of concurrence given by the Government of Sta te before the Constituent Assembly was convened and makes no mention at all of the ending of its work or its dissolution. The supreme power of the States Constituent Assembly to sign up any change, or refuse to do so, was clearly indicated. Clause (3) on the cessation of Article 370 makes it clearer still.But the court picked on this clause to hold that since the Assembly had made no recommendation that Article 370 be abrogated, it should continue. It, surely, does not follow that after that body dispersed the Union acquired the power to hive up powers by invoking Article 370 when the decisive ratificatory body was gone. Thirdly, the Supreme Court totally overlooked the fact that on its interpretation, Article 370 can be handle by collusive State and Central Governments to override the States Constitution and reduce the guarantees to naught.Lastly, the court misconstru ed the State Constituent Assemblys recommendation of November 17, 1952, referred to earlier, which merely defi ned in an explanation the Government of the State. To the court this meant that the Assembly had express its agreement to the continued op eration of this Article by making a recommendation that it should be operative with this modification only. It had in fact made no such recommendation. The Explanation said no more than that for the purposes of this Article, the Government of the State means It does not, and indeed, cannot remove the limitations on the Central Governments power to concurrence imposed by Clause (2) namely ratification by the Constituent Assembly. The court laid down no limit whatever whether as regards the time or the content. We must give the widest effect to the meaning of the word modification used in Article 370 (1). The net result of this ruling was to give a carte blanche to the Government of India to extend to Kashmir such of the provisions of the Constitution of India as it pleased.In 1972, in Mohammed Maqbool Damnoo vs the State of J & K, another Bench blew interchange high the tortuous meaning given to the Explanation. It was a definition which had start out otiose. But this Bench also did not refer to the 1959 ruling. Cases there are, albeit rare, when courts have overlooked a precedent. But that is when there is a embarrassment of them. Article 370 gave rise only to three cases. The first was studiously ignored in both that followed. The court found no difference amidst an elected S adar and an appointed Governor. There is no question of such a change being one in the character of that government from a democratic to a non-democratic system. If the Constitution of India is amended to empower the Prime Minister to nominate the Pres ident as Sri Lankas 1972 Constitution did would it make no difference to its democratic character, pray? To this Bench the essential feature of Article 370 (1) (b) and (d) is the exigency of the concurrence of the State Government, not the Consti tuent Assembly. This case was decided before the Supreme Court formulated in 1973 the doctrine of the unamendable basic structure of the Constitution.GIVEN their record, whenever Kashmir is involved, how can anyone ask Kashmiris to welcome Union institutions (such as the Election Commission) with warmth? Sheikh Abdullah had no cards to play when he concluded an Accord with Indira Gandhi and became Chief Minister on February 24, 1975. At the outset, on August 23, 1974, he had written to G. Parthasarathy I hope that I have made it abundantly clear to you that I can assume office only on the basis of the position as it existed on August 8, 1953. legal opinion on the changes since will be deferred until the newly elected Assembly comes into being.On November 13, 1974, G. P. and M. A. Beg signed agreed concl usions Article 370 remained so did the residuary powers of legislation (except in regard to anti-national acts) Constitutional provisions extended with changes can be altered or repealed the State could review Central laws on s pecified topics (we lfare, culture, and so on) counting on the Centres sympathetic consideration a new bar on amendment to the State Constitution regarding the Governor and the E. C. Differences on nomenclature of the Governor and Chief Minister were remitted to the p rincipals.Differences persisted on the E. C. , Article 356 and other points. On November 25, the Sheikh sought a meeting with Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. Her reply not only expressed doubt on the usefulness of talks but also on his commitment to the b asic features of the States Constitution and to the democratic functioning of the government. Hurt, he wrote back ending the parleys. They met at Pahalgam. An exchange of letters, on February 12, 1975, clinched the deal on the basis of the concur Con clusions.This was a political accord between an individual, however eminent, and the Government, like the Punjab Accord (July 24, 1985) the Assam Accord (August 15, 1985) the Nagaland Accord (November 11, 1975) and the Miz oram Accord (June 30, 1986) e ach between the government and the opposition. It cannot override Article 370 still less sanctify Constitutional abuse. It resile the Sheikh alone and only until 1977. This was explicitly an accord on political cooperation between us, as Indira Gandhi wrote (December 16, 1974).On February 12, 1975, Abdullah recorded that it provided a good basis for my cooperation at the political level. In Parliament on March 3, 1975 she called it a new political understanding. He was made Chief Minister on February 24, backed by the Congress majority in the Assembly and on the understanding of a fresh election soon. Sheikh Abdullahs memoirs Aatish-e-Chinar (Urdu) rec ord her backtracking on the pledge and the Congress perfidy in March 1977 when she lost the Lok Sabha elections. It withdrew realize and staked a claim to form a government. Governors Rule was imposed.The Sheikhs National group discussion won the elections with a resounding majority on the pledge to s ecure Jammu and Kashmirs autonomy, which was also Farooqs pledge in 1996. The 1975 accord had collapsed. It was, I can reveal, base on gross error. The Agreed Conclusions said (Para 3) But provisions of the Constitution already applied to the State of J&K without adaptation or modification are unalterable. This preposterous assertion was made in the tee th of the Sampat Prakash case. One order can always be rescinded by another. All the orders since 1954 can be revoked they are a nullity anyway.Beg was precariously ill and relied on advice which GPs expert had given him. He was one S. Balakr ishnan whom R. Venkataraman refers to as Constitutional Adviser in the Home Ministry in his memoirs. It is no disrespect to point out that issues of such complexity and consequence are for counsels opinion not from a solicitor, still less a administrative official even if he had read the law. Even the Law Secretary would have insisted on the Attorney-Generals opinion. Amazed at what Beg had t old me in May 1975, I pursued the matter and eventually met Balakrishnan in 1987. He confirmed that he had, indeed, given

Can We Speak of a ‘Classless Society’

Can we speak of a casteless society? favorable social stratification is a plan we argon faced with on a occasional basis, whether it is a conscious or subconscious element of our lives. Class has been a dominant form of stratification in traditional views of society, nevertheless whiles evolution in thought, behaviour, observation post, organization and culture has led to censorious criticism questioning the very existence of correct itself Does partitioning hushed exist? Can we speak of a carve upless society? Analysing the fiber that syndicate does or doesnt play in newfangled society is interesting because we argon our very own sources.Through first hand experiences of mannequin we washbowl determine the comp nonpareilnt it plays in our everyday lives. Class can be viewed both subjectively depending on how we think of ourselves, or quarryly dealing with how we are structur anyy located in society. (Milner, 1999) Therefore, combining our subjective, micro-lev el sagaciousness of split with a macro-level, objective analysis of class, we can determine the point in time to which class persists in new society. The idea of stratification and class go away continuously persist as it provides a foundation for organization and separateism in society.Although the word class will never die, the traditional role class plays in society has certainly died. kindly Class is the class of today it has fol natural depressioned the goal of the rigid, traditional and intolerant class of yesterday. Today community are more empowered and can take ascendence of their social stand up, an idea supported with the current social mobility and emergence of the middle class. Social class classifies people in term of gender, ethnicity, race, age, culture etc. Naturally, frugal class continues to play its role in society, but it does so in harmony with other conniptions of social class. Class is disintegrating because people are comme il faut more priva teistic. What matters today is how people see themselves, as opposed to how they are viewed by society. (Pakulski, et al. , 1996). Traditionally, society consisted of inherited classifications between masters and slaves, and lords and peasants etc. , which be the natural way of association. There are certain parts of the realness where people still live by their inherited class. In India for slip thither is a Caste System, in which every individual is categorised into divisions (colour, ancestors, rank).There are four main castes with various sub-castes and each impart a large amount sub castes inwardly them, furthermore outside the caste system are the Untouchables who are oppressed and viewed as impure all the time. The four main castes Brahminspriests Kshatryaswarriors Vaishyastraders Shudraslaborers A significant classical view of class is that of Marx. His traditional view of class contained two distinct classes Bourgeoisie or the capitalist class, who own their own means of production, and the Proletariat or work class, who own their own labour. Marx, et al. , 1848) Exploitation between these two social groupings in the capitalist production process defined red class (Pakulski, et al. , 1996). The Marxist view is real and objective, furthermore its concerned with the different strata as a whole rather than the individuals within them (Saunders, P. 1990). For Marx, social power was achieved purely by stinting class. He viewed class as a rigid and positional aspect of society. Hence, his interpretations of class failed to account for the fluidity of modern class.Conversely, webers view of class is much more synonymous with the role class plays in modern society. He looks at class in call of the cultural and social roles it plays in society and focuses more on stratification through consumption rather than production. (Pakulski, et al. , 1996) He juxtaposes class as an economic relation with class as a social relation, unlike Marx who predominant ly focused on economic class. Weber analysed class in terms of status and stratification in the light of property, monomania, occupational skills, religion, legal decentlys, lifestyle and consumption.This view of class is still relevant in todays society and therefore Webers view of class is non wholly classified under the dead or dated outlook on class. Weber did also look at class in terms of economic relations and the possessions of economic goods, as well as foodstuff position. He believed that life happens are determined by how one is positioned in the market. (Weber, 1922) This relates to the Indian Caste systems where members of a high caste (Brahmans) make merry more wealth and opportunities members of a low caste (untouchables) perform unsought menial jobs.The Untouchables being the lowest stratum are regarded as underprivileged, vitiate and backward, hence given the jobs such as sweeping, garbage accumulator register and regarded as impure individuals- the idea t hat once they touch another individual there needs to be a cleansing as the untouchables are dirty. Individuals were relatively powerless, as they could not acquire wealth or status through changing position in a market place. Today, however, hard work and merit allows for social mobility and people have a pie-eyeder influence over their position in society. Milner, 1999) Having said that, some individuals do not get the opportunity of social mobility- due to the feature that they are either uneducated or the fact that they do not have the right social networks.Gandhi named the Untouchables Harijians (Children of God)- by doing this he tried upward mobility by trying to elevate their status through different means (befriending and have with the impure). Underclass in general tend to suffer multiple deprevisation, as they are dependent on state welfare (if given) and have low levels of education hence making it harder for upward mobility (Saunders, P. 990) Social mobility and ind ividual control over social standing has been greatly strengthened through the modern preoccupation with education. The increased priority given to exposing larger proportions of society to education has empowered individuals, allowing them to use their educations as a tool to overcome class barriers. Overall, the ability to move up and down the social ladder in present day society makes class that is classified purely in an economic sense irrelevant. Economic class is no longer a steady, inherited, and life-long, concrete concept, as people can change their economic standing within their own life span or across generations. The concept of the middle class has also arisen through the idea of social mobility and empowerment through education, and does not concur with Marxs traditional view of class. Today, the labour of traditional Marxism is being replaced by machinery as the advancement in engine room has made some manual work redundant.Furthermore, the idea that many modern comp anies do not solely rely on legal possession of a company, but instead hire people due to good competence, gives people the opportunity to hold managerial positions that have a lap of power. This is the idea of recruitment via meritocrality and hints at the death of classical conventions of class. Therefore, the idea of objective class being defined as the relationship between the ownership and non-ownership of productive resources has greatly dissolved (Lee, et al. , 1996).Having said that in India the opportunity of mobility is expressage it all comes down to the status, power or class of the individual- this is due to the fact that India is still developing and full of politics, an individual would have to have the right connections in order to do or acquire anything but intimately of import factor in accomplishing anything in India would be money. Furthermore if an individual is a Shudras they would have less capital compared to the Brahmans, hence decreasing their chance of opportunities they can take.Within the Indian caste system most people delay in one caste their entire life and marry within their caste. Although class is viewed differently today, it does not necessarily mean that modern views of class are more equitable. In fact, there is still a strong lack of equity within the different classifications of gender, ethnicity, sexuality etc furthermore there are parts of the world where class is a vital aspect in their everyday life and interaction. The difference being that in present-day(a) society people are more attached to individualist and consumerist forms of inequality and inequality.It can be said that today consumption is more important than production, class is no longer a lifetime experience, but instead thought rough as an individual biography, and excommunication from the labour market is the more appropriate way to think about poverty. Although the concept of class is ever-present, the objective and subjective role it plays i n society has been greatly transformed within the occidental society, thereby accounting for the death of classical class theories.Having said that India could never be a egalitarian society as people are not acting constructively to escape class divisions, this is due to the fact that most underclass cannot submit to upward mobility, as they do not have the opportunity or resources. Class is a social relationship that invades each individuals lives. There has been a death of traditional class within the western society as individuals are acting constructively to escape class divisions and go towards a classless society, however an evolved definition of class continues to command the 21st century.Bibliography Saunders, P. 1990. Social Class and Stratification, USA, Rutledge. Pakulski J and Malcolm W. (1996) The Death of Class. capital of the United Kingdom Sage. Milner, A. (1999) Class. London Sage. Weber, M. 1922 Class, Status and Party. Extract from Economy and Society in W. G . Runciman ed. (1978) Max Weber Selections in Translation. Cambridge Cambridge University Press. Pp. 43-56. Giddens, A. (1994) Beyond Left and Right. Cambridge Polity. Pp. 139-48 Marx, K. and Engels, F. 1848 Bourgeois and proletarians, section 1 of The communist Manifesto, in D. McLellan ed. (1977) Karl Marx Selected Writings. Oxford Oxford University Press. Pp. 222-231. Prandy, K. 2002. Ideal Types, Stereotypes and Class. The British Journal of Sociology, Volume 53 snatch 4, page14. Brahman. (2010). In Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved October 06, 2010, from Encyclopedia Britannica Online http//www. britannica. com/EBchecked/topic/77093/Brahman Harijans. The Columbia Encyclopedia, sixth Edition. 2008. Retrieved October 06, 2010 from Encyclopedia. com http//www. encyclopedia. com/doc/1E1-Harijans. html

Cultural Anthropology Essay

I conduct read and under(a)stand the section in the syllabus (page 6) relating to IWUs verity/Cheating Policy. By affixing this statement to the title page of my homework submission, I am certifying that I stick out not cheated or plagiarized in the process of completing this assignment. If it is found that cheating and/or plagiarism did ca-ca place in the writing of this paper I understand the come-at-able consequences of the act which could include expulsion from Indiana Wesleyan University.The results of any gain of deterrence is troubling, the effects on dupes and those family members in some cases lead to harmful outcomes or a change in which a victim conducts his or her life. In any case, to change the way you live or unwrap spliticipating in your favorite activities becaexercising of who is waiting for you down the street or in give instruction is the best way to fuel and promote the negatively charged behavior of any bully. All bullies feed off of one factor, fea r. If they accredit they control your lifestyle and places fear or shame in your bosom then they have accomplishes just what they have been trying to do, control you.What is cyber boss around? Cyber browbeat is a new form of aggressions sought out by those individuals looking to embarrass or harm the victim across the homo Wide Web by use of social networks, blogs, email, and other devises use for internet reading and sharing. The outcome of this form of bullying is the same as physical bullying, both with their sh ar of outcomes with negative impact. The anthropology process of this story comprised of dissimilar groups of young adult grouped by age, gender and sexuality. The number of participants was 20,000 students from the stand by wave of the Metro West Adolescent Health Survey.This survey is every(prenominal) important(p) because it address one of the main atomic number 18as concerning in all p bents of victim child suicide. here are some facts 15. 8% of students reported cyber bullying, and 25. 9% reported school bullying in the past 12 months. The overlap between cyber bullying and school bullying was substantial 59. 7% of cyber bullying victims were also school bullying victims, and 36. 3% of school bullying victims was also cyber bullying victims. Non-heterosexually set youths were far more likely than were heterosexually identified youths.What is most alarming with these facts are the following. 37. 8% of victims of either cyber or school bully committed self-injury to themselves, 15. 2% had suicide moves, 30% had thoughts of suicide while 6. 6% suffer an attempt of suicide with medical treatment. It appears that once a child go away victim of bullying he/she fails to speak to adults, thus leading to the child feelings of desperation that could trigger an emotional psychological breakdown. It becomes increasingly important for parents to play a strong role in their childs life.We have to become aware of the surroundings that our chil dren choose to associate as hobbies, friends and media networking. Also conference is a strong asset, share with them that it is ok to tell an adult if they are bullied or threaten in any manner. Sexual orientation plays a role in handed-down and cyber bullying as well. It statics show that if a child lives a homosexual lifestyle or is bisexual they have a higher risk at becoming victims to both cyber and traditional bullying. The thoughts of suicide also are a bit higher within this lifestyle.Regardless of the ethnicity the numbers are staggering. The authors in this article have some(prenominal) main points that they want to stress, the first of many is to bring about cognisance to this world-wide epidemic of bulling thats taking the lives of our youth. Secondly, to focus on which age groups are mostly the centers of attacks. Thirdly, to find a solution to combat the practices of bullying in our schools and neighborhoods, their intentions are to educate the general public. Th ey wanted to depict differences between cyber bullying and its relationship to school bullying.Understanding the differences between the two could help promote and developed a school prevention systems that could aid those that are ravish of this despicable act of behavior. When taking a look at the continuance of investigative salutees performed by the authors that conduct this study, it obvious to learn of the great causal agency put forth to gather such schooling. In the field of anthropology all cultural anthropologists rely on one scientific method for forum information while studying cultural, fieldwork.Field work is the characteristic of all the anthropological sub disciplines and is a main source for gathering information that deal with different cultures and ethnicities. To have hands on approach and the study of any giving topic the foundationally foot work starts with an investigative approach in all subject matter, ultimately ending with a substantialness conclus ion that is not just opinionated but scientific truth. In conclusion, the authors of the article try to identify a world-wide epidemic that is affecting our childrens social stability and academic performance.By researching the effects of bullying (rather cyber or school-yard) it allows parents to absorb the harsh realities of what their child could endure as an adolescent under extreme pressure. Children of all ages are taking their own lives as a result of being out-casted by peers of the same group, neighborhood, age, sex, and ethnicity. The real question is wherefore? How far does a child have to be push in advance his/her mind is made up to commit suicide? We as parents require to beware and actively involved with all social activities and friends that our children consider part of their lives.

Metaphor: exam[les of using Essay

A metaphor is the use of something familiar to see to it something less familiar. For instance, if a news report says unemployment went down this month, the familiar olfactory property of going down helps everyone to understand that the number of people looking for rub down has reduced.Metaphors are more common than many people call back. If you look up the origin of almost any word in the dictionary, you will decide a metaphor if you go back far enough. Some psychologists fire that all of our thinking comes from metaphors, based on how our senses allow us to encompass everyday experiences. In this activity, you will use what you have recorded somewhat sensing and the embodied encephalon to net discoveries about how you think. Please behave in complete sentences.Part 11. Which of your everyday physical experiences give notice (of) you that this hand isnt actually holding a defile? How did you learn that clouds are too far away to touch? (5 points)2. What is the princip le of perception that supports the idea that your brain expects that the puff of white between the fingers is a cloud that is much farther away than the hand? (5 points)3. Imagine that you are in the scene shown here. You are on a beach, looking out. In the 2-track estimation model, what are two examples of what the brain is doing on the unconscious level, and what are two examples of what the brain is doing on the conscious level? (10 points)Part 21. animadvert of the archetype of leadership.a. What picture comes to your mind when you think, leadership? (3 points)b. What past experiences have you had that make you think of this? (3 points)c. How did your perceptual set and two-track mind contribute to these experiences? (4 points)2. Think of the innovation of unjust.a. What picture comes to your mind when you think, unjust? (3 points)b. What past experiences have you had that make you think of this? (3 points)c. How did your perceptual set and two-track mind contribute to thes e experiences? (4 points)3. Think of any concept you have learned about from experience, one where you remember a grouchy event in your life that helped you learn what this concept meant.a. What picture comes to your mind when you think of that concept? (3 points)b. What past experiences have you had that give you this picture? (3 points)c. How did your perceptual set and two-track mind contribute to these experiences?

Spending Money on Fashion

Spending Money on Fashion Every year, only slightly the world, many people spend their bullion for fashion to have the shell feel and attract others attention to themselves. They might prefer to acquire genuine clothes or fads, but which one is better? To answer this question, individuals should weigh of different issues that might affect their mind round fashion. First involvement that comes to most of the peoples mind is money. Everyone flock be the best-looked errors, but they might pick out a lot of money to buy the best clothes.People cannot spend all of their money on their clothes because fashion is not the only thing that is important, so the best logical way to solve this problem is to buy the things, which they can be sure that they will get around that more than at once and it will remain for them and they did not spend their money on garbage. legion(predicate) people may prefer to be up to date and wear the clothes which are trendy. This type of people use d to wear fads.Fad is an unabated and widely shared enthusiasm for something, especially one that is short-lived and without radical in the objects qualities it is a craze. These people are brave because they are winning risk and buying something that might not be trendy in such a close prison term. They do not care about this, and they fearlessly buy fads. On the other hand, there is another base of individuals this set of people use to wear clothes which they can mystify sure they can wear them later, whenever they want, and t is not a hebdomadary looking.This set, used to wear classics. Classics are Judged over a period of time to be of the highest quality and outstanding of its kind. In my opinion, these individuals are deciding logically and they are actually thinking of their money. Because they are having a chic look by buying classics and at the same time, they are saving their money because they can wear their clothes at any time and they can be sure that their cloth es passed the time exam.

College Is Worthwhile Essay

Today in America going to college is much of a necessity than an option however, college is expensive. Most mountain can non afford the upfront appeal of tuition and fees along with the additional costs of dorms, meals, textbooks, and other supplies to attend college. Because of this some students resort to taking out student loans that could potentially cost them more in the proximo. With the cost of attending college constantly rising many tribe are finding themselves asking the question of rather or not college is really worth the cost. Also, some mass feel that going to college is a waste of time.Some feel this way because not all jobs contract degrees, so they feel there is no purpose in disbursal long hours at an institution obtaining one. Others feel that they should not be involve to meet the general education requirements of most colleges, but should instead be able to use the time taking classes relevant to their career field. some(prenominal) people argue that b ecause of these reasons college is not worthwhile. However, despite these facts, going to college has several benefits that operate it very valuable.Firstly, college graduates nurse more money over the course of a lifetime and curb morejob opportunities than people without degrees. College graduates on fair make about one million dollars more in a lifetime than people with only a high school diploma. This is because college graduates behave a better chance of getting and keeping a job, and these jobs yield more.The main reason for this is that there is less competition for jobs that require a degree so there is always a need for employees which substance more job security. Secondly, in college people make lifetime connections and run their horizons. During college students meet a wide variety of people from different backgrounds thanthemselves.The connections that students make with these individuals can bring up very beneficial to them especially after they graduate. legi on(predicate) of these people that students meet in college could help them to advance their careers after they graduate. For example, their professors whitethorn recommend them for employment to others in their field. Also, they could be meeting future commercial enterprise partners, bosses, or employees. Thirdly, college helps young adults in becoming more responsible. When people go to college, for most, it is the first time most people are practically on their own.It is completely different from world in high school and being dependent on parents and teachers for everything from reminders and help with homework to finances. In college, students face hatful that they would most likely encounter when completely on their own. College students have to generate bills, manage time efficiently, and be sure to meet deadlines. And if they dont there may be minor and/or serious consequences that they have to deal with just like in the real world. Many people argue that going to colleg e is not worthwhile because it is too expensive andis a waste of time, but there are many advantages of going to college that prove how valuable the college experience can be. College students are able to gain abiding careers with great pay after graduation, are able to network with the people they meet while in college in order to advance their future careers, and can gain a sense of responsibility to help them mature.So, so far though college has its cons, it is challenging and exciting, and can be the best time of a persons life. It is an experience that can and will set the motive for the rest of a persons life if they choose to go.

Biotic and Abiotic Structure and Function of an Ecosystem

In this assignment, you leave investigate the biotic and abiotic structure and function of an ecosystem. Choose one of the quest ecosystemsTropical rainforest.Grassland.Coral Reef.Estuary.Desert.You will write a two to three rogue APA-style research paper about your choice of ecosystem including Where might this compositors case of ecosystem be located? Give one specific example. let out the structure of the ecosystem keep down both the abiotic components and biotic components Describe the function of the ecosystem How do the abiotic and biotic components act in biogeochemical cycles? Describe both the carbon and nitrogen cycles Describe trouble and recovery Describe one natural and one human caused ruction to the ecosystem. Explain the damage to the ecosystem, including how the abiotic and biotic characteristics of the ecosystem changed. Explain how ecosystems recover naturally ground on resilience mechanisms and the theory of secondary succession. The following grading b urnish will be used for this assignment.Grading RubricAPA Style 5% Where might this type of ecosystem be located? Give one specific example 20% Describe the structure 40%Abiotic components 10% Biotic Components 10%Describe the functionDescribe the Carbon cycle 15% Describe the newton cycle15%Disturbance and RecoveryExample of natural hinderance event and changes to the ecosystem.Discussion of recovery process 15% Example of anthropogenic caused incumbrance event and changes to the ecosystem.Discussion of recovery process. 15% Explain how ecosystems recover naturally found on resilience mechanisms and the theory of secondary succession.

Wipro Report

CORPORATE SOCIAL RESOPONSIBILITY of pic Submitted to Prof. Rajeev Gowda pic SUBMITTED By JAYAPRASAD V 1011243 JEFFERSON KADUVINAL ABRAHAM 1011244 JITESH MEHTA 1011245 content 1. Introduction3 2. Corporate Social Responsibility Initiatives3 2. 1 Wipro Cargons3 2. 2 Wipro Applying Thought in works4 2. 3 Mission10X5 2. 4 ECO optic5 3. Stake holders and CSR initiatives7 4. Controversies8 5. Conclusion8 6. Appendix9Introduction Wipro headquartered in Bangalore is one of Indias leading firms which was founded by Mr. M. H Premji. Its commercial enterprise can be categorize under three main headings IT, BPO, R&D and Consulting Services Wipro Technologies, Wipro Infotech Consumer and institutional Products Wipro Consumer C argon and Lightning Infrastructure and Ecological Engineering Wipro Infrastructure Engineering Wipro as an organization recognizes the importance of incarnate social responsibility and has taken some(prenominal) initiatives to benefit the stakeholders.Wipro Model of Good Citizenship1 pic Corporate Social Responsibility Initiativesi 2. 1 Wipro C atomic number 18s Unlike mere philanthropy, this initiative channelizes the efforts of the employees and their friends to provide a long end point benefit to the society. It focuses on two main areas assisting in disaster centering by providing rehabilitation to the survivors of natural calamities and initiating a learning enhancement class which would improve the skill label and self esteem of the underprivileged children thereby ensuring that they grow up to be independent.Under this scheme, Wipro launched five new projects in 2007-08 which was in concomitant to the eight current projects. Some major ongoing projects are as follows Tsunami relief initiatives which include reclamation of agricultural land, contri hardlyion of boats to fishermen and construction of schoolhouse structures select been undertaken at Pushpavanam village, Tamil Nadu. Learning enhancement curriculummes which indicate to broaden the horizon and increase sensitiveness levels wipe out been successfully implemented in several schools Olcott Memorial School, Chennai, TVK School in Chennai and organisation activity Secondary School, Bangalore.The success of these programs aptly demonstrates the benefit of sensitizing and involving employees in knead to society. Wiproites in Kolkatta in association with an NGO provide health apportion services for families of brick kiln labour camp children. In association with Swadhar, an NGO, Wipro has helped locate up community centres for marginalized families. A vocational course and a school are run by Swadhar from this centre. Makkala Jagriti is an after school safe home set up in Bangalore for around 200 children. 2. Wipro Applying Thought in Schools Wipro firmly believes that an educated India is the key to bring about societal flip. This initiative is aimed at improving the quality of information with the long term focus being t o develop systems which would onlyow each child to reach his potential. Projects aimed at educational reform consecrate been undertaken with organizations such as Disha, Gurgaon and Katha, Delhi. Wipro has fostered relationships with numerous NGOs. Wipro is excessively a member of the CII National Committee of Education Reforms. Wipro Applying Thought In Schools2 picThe experiment based learning projects are of two types Holistic School Engagement Programs Wipro has worked with over 1100 schools. For example, Eklavya in Bhopal, is an initiative at providing education for the economically disadvantaged children by developing material and teacher development programs. content building for organizations This aims at introducing school reform and providing grants to build resource centres in the organization. For example, support has been given to Udaan-Janvikas, Ahmedabad to build the organization into an educational resource centre. . 3 Mission10X Mission10X, is a non for pro fit trust established in 2007 with the aim of improving the quality of engineering education in the country and producing employable graduates who are equipped with the necessary skill set. Workshops have been held which have authorise more than 1000 faculty members. These workshops focus on asset building aimed at creating a world class repository of learning assets. The representation is to eventually empower 10,000 faculty members by 2010. 2. 4 ECO EyeWipro has occupied in a transformation drive to fulfil its commitment to ecologic sustainability. In addition, it is also trying to educate all stakeholders regarding the fragile ecosystem and the urgent ingest to take affirmative action. This drive was kicked off in 2008 and it involves all stakeholders employees, suppliers, partners and communities. As per, Mr Azim Premji, president, Wipro Ltd, We firmly believe demarcation cannot be built at the cost of ecology. It is not sustainable. Ecological Sustainability will increa singly be the delineate force for society and business globally.Wipro will work on the dimensions of coke neutrality, water balance, waste management and bio-diversity. Eco Eye is the eye through which we try on to see everything, and act for bionomic sustainability. 3 The themes for eco-action include identification of a portfolio for sustainability endowments that will generate new lines of revenue and profits and remodel internal operations to reach neutrality/surplus in the elements of push button, water, waste.In addition, there exists a Beyond Wipro initiative to partner with national and global groups to take sustainability initiatives and to impel employees to make purlieu favorable alternates in their personal lives. The initiative to invest in a new portfolio for sustainability is in line with Milton Friedmans views, wherein Wipro has make a business case for social responsibility. In addition, Wipro recognizes that society is fitting more conscious and in due course of time, both customers and employees may demand the need for sustainability and the government may also mandate it.Hence, it is clear in their interest to take the lead and tap the hitherto unmapped business opportunities. Eco Eye allows Wipro to have a Going Green tag, but more importantly it is structured in a way to bring value to the shareholders. This strategic positioning is important as the gold worn-out(a) on the Eco Eye initiatives are viewed as beneficial to the shareholders and not a burden on them. As per Milton Friedman, if a company spends shareholder money on bodily social responsibility, it is equivalent to a tax, whence this strategic positioning of generating returns is important for the shareholders.The Eco Eye is a strategic somatic social responsibility initiative (in accordance with Porter and Cramers views) that provides shared benefits to the society and the shareholders. Wipro has also partnered with regional, national and global groups as p art of larger sustainability initiatives in button, water, waste and biodiversity. This has been aimed at bringing about an industry change and alter the rules of engagement in the long run. Some of the key actions undertaken on ecological sustainability include Reduce carbon footprint by advance telephone and video conferences to reduce employee travel e relegations, load-bearing(a) car pooling. Wipro Eco Energy, a segmentation of Wipro Infrastructure Engineering, offers consulting and implementation services across the spectrum of solar, wind, geothermal and biomass energy sources. Usage of alternative sources of energy like LED lights, ISO 14001 Certification & green of all Buildings based on LEED standards Reducing water usage by recycling waste water and harvesting rain water.Wipro Water, a division of Wipro Infrastructure Engineering offers solutions in water treatment space. In the world of waste management, Wipro has increased the usage of recycled materials and pa ckaging in the design of products which has resulted in significant cost savings. Conducts regular energy audits. In addition Wipro is a member of the Green Grid, a consortium dedicated to improving the energy efficiency of data centres. Integrated Portfolio of ecological solutions4 pic Stake holders and CSR initiativesii Stock holders Mr. Azim Premji, Chairman of Wipro is committed to corporate social responsibility.He has established a not-for-profit Azim Premji knowledgeability which aims at introducing a holistic system change in the education system. The Eco Eye which is the largest social initiative taken by the company aims at generating new business and providing value to all shareholders. Employees They are provided with ample opportunities to modify to society through programs such as Wipro Cares and Wipro applying thought in school which result in increased motivation. They are also involved in the Eco Eye program to reduce the carbon footprint car pooling, encouragin g video conferencing, E-waste policy.Wipro has also launched Women of Wipro (WoW) with a charter to mentor women leaders, contribute to business suppuration and to remove disparities in the work-force. Medical benefits and superannuation plans are in place. Career development programs are run to improve the skill set of the employees. In the IT industry, the employees have a sedentary life style. Keeping this in mind, Wipro has initiated a Fit for Life program which aims at improving the forcible and mental health of the employees. iii Customers Wipro has set up recycling agencies and processes for recycling E-waste.Customers are provided this service through a single helpline and are actively boost to use environment friendly products. This has projected the company as socially responsible and added brand value. Wipro has been environmentally responsible and has launched toxin free greenware desktops. Government Wipro proactively engages with the government and regulatory bodie s to evolve a legal and regulatory framework which addresses the necessitate of societal stakeholders. Wipro provides feedback to government on vital economic issues.For example, the Offset constitution is aimed at facilitating technology transfer and large defence contracts with MNCs. In addition Wipro offers advice to the government on educational reforms (in line with its philosophy of introducing a image shift in education) and has also partnered with the government in promoting economic growth in Tier-II and III cities. Wipro is also a signatory to CIIs mission on sustainable growth. Community The initiatives taken under Eco Eye have an indirect impact on the surrounding communities as the focus is on energy efficiency.Wipro InfoTech has also launched Super Genius Bharat PC in an adjudicate to bridge the digital divide in India and is targeted specifically at the rude community. Disaster management drives through Wipro Cares have benefited victims of natural calamities par ticularly in Tamil Nadu, Gujarat and Orissa. Wipro believes in engaging with the people and is averse to plain stoppage book philanthropy. Wipro in association with civic bodies has worked in areas of ecological importance. For instance, it worked with the Bangalore municipality in 2007 to transplant fully grown trees.Academia Wipro has education programs aimed at the future generations as it has an impact on influencing the future work force. These programs have been launched under Wipro Cares, Wipro Applying Thought in Schools and Mission10X. Initiatives have been taken to train teachers. Non good Organizations Relationships have been nurtured with several NGOs in promoting community welfare particularly in educating the underprivileged children. Wipro has also received accolades for its environment friendly initiatives and was ranked No. in Green peaces cash in ones chips to Greener Electronics. iv Suppliers Wipro has an ombudsprocess available to all their vendors so that th ey can raise concerns relating to any burst by the employees. Before finalizing any contract with a vendor, Wipro arrests that the vendor has good labour practices which include payment of statutory wages to employees, ensuring no sexual activity discrimination and no forced or child labour. Wipro has undertaken responsibility not only for its own actions but has also taken steps to ensure that its suppliers do the same.Controversiesvvi In June 2007, Wipro along with two other Indian firms was black-listed for iv years by the World Bank from receiving direct contracts under its corporate procurement program. This is the first time that the World Bank had taken such a stern action of black-listing firms. As per the swear, this disciplinary action was necessitated be suffice Wipro had allowed the acquaintances of the banks CIO to participate in the Directed Share Program. This program offered American Depository Shares of Wipro in the US, at IPO market price.Wipro claimed that t his was entirely a goodwill gesture, since the shared offered were too few to cause any conflict of interest. This controversy caused the share prices to fall by 12%. This clearly shows that there exists no such concept of a correct company and companies are uncoerced to indulge in unethical practices for their business interests. Conclusion Wipro, through its initiatives has created new market opportunities for itself in the domain of environment friendly products. It realizes that in this day and age, consumers have become more environment conscious and hence Wipro has promoted itself with a green tag.They have tried to utter the message that they are a resource efficient company and have built a reputation around it which makes them attractive to investors, consumers, employees and other stakeholders. They are averse to taking up isolated initiatives and have devised a broad and a coherent strategy for the entire organization. Having a socially aware chairman in the form of Mr. Azim Premji has ensured that the corporate social responsibility initiatives are discussed at the highest level and are an integral part of the business strategy.In the Indian context, Wipro has paved the way forward in the realm of corporate citizenship for other companies to emulate. However, the World Bank controversy illustrates that even companies like Wipro need to always set for themselves high ethical benchmarks. They must never mold from them even while aiming to maximize their long term business interests. Often, many social and environmental issues are effectively handled if a company is willing to partner with its competitors. Wipro being such a major player in the Indian market can usher in an industry change by collaborating with other companies.Wipros initiatives are a testimonial to the daybreak realization that corporate social responsibility is the future of business. In the spoken language of Jeffery Hollender, Its what companies have to do to survive and p rosper in a world where more and more of their behaviour is under the microscope. Appendix Eco Eye Development framework5 pic 1 http//www. wiprocorporate. com/sustainability/Wipro_Sustainability_Report_19Mar2k9. pdf 2 http//www. wiprocorporate. com/sustainability/Wipro_Sustainability_Report_19Mar2k9. df 3 http//www. thehindubusinessline. com/2008/06/06/stories/2008060651012100. htm 4 http//www. wiprocorporate. com/sustainability/Wipro_Sustainability_Report_19Mar2k9. pdf 5 http//www. wiprocorporate. com/sustainability/Wipro_Sustainability_Report_19Mar2k9. pdf i http//www. wiprocorporate. com/sustainability/Wipro_Sustainability_Report_19Mar2k9. pdf ii http//www. wiprocorporate. com/sustainability/Wipro_Sustainability_Report_19Mar2k9. pdf iii http//www. wiprocorporate. com/PressRoom/PR_Fit_for_Life_WC. asp iv

Argo and Casablanca – Main Characters Comparison

Both Tony and change state ar faced with a dilemma end-to-end Argo and Casablanca, respectively. They catch themselves getting to a greater extent and more(prenominal) involved with the escape plan, and then their emotional connection leads to self slight actions. Both Argo and Casablanca have a scene that underscores these typesetters cases transitions. On the first image Mendez, have a heated up conversation with his boss on the headphone, spot on the some other movie, Blaine points a gun at an official.Up to this part, the characters were re on the wholey cold, and professional, however, after it they fetch attached to the deal that be world saved. On one side, the scene selected in Argo straines on television television camera proximity and exertion, interior decoration and framing. On the other side, the scene selected in Casablanca focuses on expiretrack, camera crusade and baffleing, and on and off screen space. The camera proximity and camera trend in Argo, emphasizes the characters responses, by ceaselessly showing the character with the strongest reaction.It is noticeable that the camera zooms in Tony as soon as he is alone in the room, and is unbroken that close to him until the end his supervisor only has one close-up shot, period the camera spins around him, it is when he is explaining the new changes in CIAs operation, and for the quietus of the scene, the camera captures Jack ODonnell through medium/close-up shots, finishing with a medium shot of him breaking a cup on his table. The camera is handheld on Mendez shots, creating a more personal, and emotional perception of the character, term the zoom talllights his reactions and creates tensity to the scene as whole.The steady shots of Jack atomic number 18 calmer, and more impersonal, making him look more professional, and less emotive. The framing plays an authoritative role on this period. Both Tony and Jack argon placed on the right side of the screen at firs t, with Tony changing sides on the sick only when he states that he and his boss be responsible for the people they atomic number 18 trying to save. The right side of the screen is reserved for when the characters ar more impersonal and professional, term the left side of the screen is utilise only when Tony explicitly becomes emotionally attached.Decor and lighting variantiate the perception of all(prenominal) space used on the scene. In the house located in Iran, the lighting is darker because the scene is slightly underexposed, which helps create a low-key effect, while warm colors dominate the location. This assists on the creation of a more intimate environment, just want a house should be. On the other side of the world, in CIAs headquarters, ODonnells office receives innate(p) lighting from its window, which illuminates a blue wall as well as a typewriter of the same color, making this space look like a professional location, analogous to a typical workplace.In Casa blanca, the camera positioning and case play an important part too. However, the positions and movement are broader, ranging from long shots to close-ups and from inactive positioning to panning around the location different gos are used as well. Long shots in addition to panning introduce the area that will be used throughout the scene, which are the Cafes bar, and its entrance, that is seen from both the inwardly and outside.Another panning, more noticeable than the others, is the one that shows Renault spying on the other characters from ricks office the camera pans in a diagonal way of life from the upper right, where the officer is hidden, to the lower left, the spot where the three other character are and as well as the place where the rest of the sequence takes place. Racking focus is used when Major Strassers subordinate opens his offices entrance the focus quickly changes amongst the man and his superior. A low angle is used when the official says that Laszlo is un der arrest, which aggrandizes the captain.In this scene, mood and tension is accomplished in the important by soundtrack and sound effects instead of dialogue, in comparison to Argos selected scene, which does exactly the opposite. At first, when Rick is talking to Ilsa, the song As metre Goes By plays on the background as a motif, creating intimacy between them, and as Victor joins them, the song transforms for a brief moment, suddenly vanish when Renault, in the same shot as aforementioned in the in conclusion paragraph, surprises the Resistance hero, thus producing tension.To increase tension even further, a sound effect is used when Rick points his gun at Louis, and his voice is hear off-screen, until the camera tilts towards his face. The soundtrack is back before long, and its purpose now is to underscore tension as Renault makes the phone call. In terms of schematic elements, Casablancas selected sequence relates more to the rest of the movie than does Argos, because on ly the editing and mise-en-scene aspects are kept the same through the picture, the sound and cinematography are an exception to the rule.Casablanca brands its mise-en-scene and cinematography with relatively spacious locations, and the camera helps to manifest it by using all-embracing angled lens on top of long-shots. Lighting is often the modular three-point scheme, and it kept fixed on more or less reaction shots. Men are always formally dressed, while Ilsa changes between three different outfits and the cinematography is widely characterized by the use of straight-on angles, to maintain neutrality towards characters, with the exception of a few low shots, which raises some characters power.Long shots are predominant on the first base of scenes, and medium shots, showing two or more people in a group, soon substitute it close-ups are used mostly for reaction shots. Camera movement includes everything, nevertheless handheld and aerial shots. Wide-angle lenses are the favorit e in this motion picture. The editing and sounds, follows Hollywoods standards, always consist of an establishing shot on the beginning of distributively new scene, introduced by a dissolve from the previous scenes last shot, and a shot/reverse shot when characters are talking.Usually the rhythm happens on a medium speed. The diegetic sounds prevails, and are easily noticed, they include most of the music perceive on Ricks Cafe, background noises and sound effects of all sorts, and dialogues. The start of both Argo and Casablanca are almost the same, a narration in addition to various dissolves, introduces rapidly where the films will take place and also a point on history, the only difference is that Casablanca uses a globe, while Argo utilizes the sketches of the fake movie.In Argo, only the editing and mise-en-scene relates to the chosen sequence and the rest of the movie. The main locations are six Los Angeles, the Central Intelligence Agencys headquarters, the Persian house, Irans streets, the airport/airplane, and the US embassy on the opening of the movie and each of them has its own rhythm and amounts of tension, with the ones located in United States having the longest takes with less direct tension and the ones in Irans outdoors being the most tense ones and with the shortest takes.The connection between the countries is made with the repetitive use of cover cutting on some sequences. Continuity practically does not constitute on the chosen sequence, but does on the rest of the motion picture. around of the lighting is supposed to be natural. The costumes are typical of each characters home country. The editing strongly relates to Casablanca by using Hollywoods standards, like dissolve between scenes, shot/reverse shot during conversations.Cinematography is very different among scenes, and uses all of the possibilities. The scene selected is the only one with a handheld camera with shots focusing on only one character the other uses for this pr oficiency always include groups of people. Aerial shots are also included throughout the movie, in contrast with Casablanca that has none. The camera is always on the eye-level of the shortest character being shown. Close-ups are equally used to show reactions and details, with more camera movement on the last.Sound use is somewhat more complex in Argo, with numerous off-screen and voice over sounds, like when a conversation is held over the phone or background noises for instance. However, for all the other sections Casablanca and Argo are very standardised. Tony and Rick are exclusively professional characters, both of them possess a high social position, and are financially stable, they also enjoy desired policy-making positions among their peers, and neither display signs of emotional attachment to others, until the selected scene on each movie.After it, both characters start to be perceived as warmer people, who are still able to be, in their own ways, part of intimate relat ionships. As the pictures get closer to their ends, Mendez and Blaine are not seen exclusively as professionals anymore, but as more altruistic persons, the CIAs agent also boosts his social, and political, position by receiving an award, while the Cafes owner earns respect from the couple up and the corrupt official.In the end, it is easily acknowledged that both movies are more similar than different, with a special call for their plot, beginning, development of main character, and major formal elements. The differences, if evaluated properly, are almost none, and are all hidden among small details. coincidentally or not, Michael Curtiz has a quote that applies appropriately to both Tony and Rick when they become emotionally attached to the hostages and the couple, respectively the quote is The only things you regret are the things you dont do.

Egyptian Culture Essay

The Culture of Egypt is integrity of the most former(a)-fashi iodined purifications and has five yard historic period of history. It can be said that it is one and only(a) of the racyest furoreures of the humans as past Egypt was among the earliest civilizations. Egyptian culture is cognize to occupy a significant influence on other cultures such as Europe, the Middle East and Africa. However, soon after(prenominal) the Pharaonic era, Egypt came down the stairs the influence of Hellenism, then Christianity, and later, Arab and Islamic culture.Modern Egypt continues to have the antique Egypts culture including the influence of modern Western culture, itself with roots in antediluvian Egypt (Wikipedia n. ag, 2007). Ancient Egyptian In the quaint Egyptian culture pietism played a very im wayant role. In incident without the ancient Egyptian Religion, there would perhaps not much reason for like a shots increasing tourism. The big Pyramids of Egypts are a study(ip) attraction. These huge structures would not exist, nor the fabulous temples, the graves on the West Bank of Thebes and their mummies, or the colorful decorations on these structures that have attracted travelers to Egypt over the past three thousand years or more.Behind every aspect of Egyptian life, as well as the art, and the cultural accomplishments it is important to understand the unearthly forces that form the cultural aspects of ancient Egypt. Religion The spiritual or the religious adult male that was organize by the ancient Egyptians was a richly fascinating one which remains unique in the history of human godliness. Although Egyptian morality was often covered in layers of myth and ritual, it on the other get hold of permeated the ancient civilization of the Nile and eventually shaped, sustained and directed Egyptian culture in almost every way.In fact if we look at the ancient history, people were more worried of the afterlife than the twenty-four hour period to twenty-four hours life. Egyptians believed that they could enjoy life after death that made them to prepare for their death and burial. For instance, they construct pyramids and tombs for kings and queens. Other Egyptians had similar tombs. Additionally, it was very important in value to have a good afterlife for one to not hardly worship the Egyptian gods, notwithstanding also live by a rules and regulations that would be judged after death.Ancient Egyptians also believed that the bodies of the dead had to be hold for the next life and so they mummified the bodies. Even though there was a substantial amount of stability between various areas of Egypt and over the devotions long existence, there were several changes over the past years and changes in the theology. For instance, while some 1,500 gods and goddesses are known by forebode from ancient Egypt, many of them were not worshipped at any one time or in any one place. As a result it is possible for one to observe vari ations over the years and cultural differences.Eventually, several changes took place in the religious aspects. For example, the burial practices of the Egyptians, which were definitely impact by their religious ideologies, went from simple mastabas in the very early periods and during the Predynastic Period, to massive pyramids during the Old and Middle Kingdoms. This tradition of pyramids and tombs reduced preferring instead to have orphic tombs with no superstructures at all. Perhaps part of the reason for this was the security of the tomb and its content of valuables, though it did not do much to stop the tomb robbers.Another reason behind this was the Egyptian religions attempt towards Osiris. The god Osiris also seems accountable for another major change in Egyptian religion through its long history along with the customaryity it gained. Osiris was a democratic god who without a doubt became more and more popular because the theology surrounding him allowed even univers al Egyptians the chance of immortality after their death. Believes and value There are certain beliefs and rituals that still remained.For instance, there seems to have endlessly been a sun god from the earliest of times, however his worship too changed over time, and sometimes significantly. The sun god Re was worshipped at Egypts earliest shrines and his worship most likely r severallyed a advanced point during the late Old Kingdom, when kings not only built their pyramids, but also specialized temples to worship the sun god. Additionally, the rituals main part was the offerings, but there were certainly numerous other rituals, together with many day-by-day functions such as washing and clothing the gods.There are a few rituals that were major celebrations, for example, the statue of one god might be taken to visit the cult center of another. The advantage with this system was that it was mostly during these festivals that common Egyptians probably came closest to their gods, since at other times they were forbidden from the sanctuaries that housed the cult statues. A value system in the Egyptian culture formed a great part as it is even almost the corresponding way that it is right away. It can be said that most of the value systems enter today in the modern day is adopted form the ancient Egyptian culture.Undoubtedly, the value system had both a secular and religious side. In terms of religious believe, as in many religions today, each person was judged upon death for his or her actions during life, and either condemned to be a outgrowth of the damned or the blessed (Watson n. pag). Another aspect of the culture comes with the title of traditions. For instance, the ancient Egyptians were the first civilization to regard marriage as a legal relationship. Marriage in ancient Egypt was a religious obligation.The ancient Egyptian laws prepared the marriage relationship and indicated all rights and duties for the couples. Many of the old marriage contr acts have been found, and they were registered and signed by three officers. These ancient Egyptian laws gave the right of divorce to women as well as men, and the wife had great respect and a high degree of prestige (El-Bialy n. pag, 2003). Even today these cultures have been adopted by many other cultures. Egyptology In the young years, the Egyptian culture has had a great impact on the archaeology and the study of Egypts ancient heritage.The field of Egyptology has itself become a major scientific subject of great interest in Egypt and also more or less the world. It began in Arab Egypt during the Middle Ages, but was later led by Europeans and Westerners in modern times. However in the recent decades the study of Egyptology, has been taken up by Egyptian archaeologists such as Zahi Hawass and the Supreme Council of Antiquities he leads. With the breakthrough of the Rosetta Stone (a tablet written in ancient Greek) Egyptian Demotic script, and Egyptian hieroglyphs, has in par t been credited for the recent stir in the study of Ancient Egypt.Greek which is a well known language, gave linguists the potentiality to decode the mysterious Egyptian hieroglyphic language. The ability to decode hieroglyphics facilitated the explanation of hundreds of the texts and inscriptions that were earlier impossible to read, giving insight into Egyptian culture that would have otherwise been lost to the ages. This stone was discovered on July 15, 1799 in the port town of Rosetta, Egypt, and has been held in the British Museum since 1802 (Wikipedia n. pag, 2007). EconomicsToday, the major economic activities of Egypt work out on agriculture, mining, manufacturing, transportation and communication and others. Tourism is a major root of revenue today. Ancient Egyptian farmers relied on the annual floods of the Nile River to irrigate their field and renew their top soil. Conclusion Finally, it can be said that the rich Egyptian culture has an impact on the various modern d ay cultures. It was the birth place of one of the worlds first civilizations which arose almost 5000 years ago.Egyptians developed one of the first religions to emphasize life after death. Besides, they also build many cities where many skilled architects, doctors, engineers, painters, and sculptors worked. Islam is the official religion of Egypt as about 90 % of them are Muslims. Tourists from all parts of the world travel to Egypt to see such wonders as Great Sphinx, an enormous pyramids and so on For people throughout Egypt, the beliefs and traditions of Islam form a unifying bond. In fact it is one of the richest cultures in the world.